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	<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&amp;feedformat=atom&amp;user=Emma+Platts</id>
	<title>FRB Theory Wiki - User contributions [en]</title>
	<link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&amp;feedformat=atom&amp;user=Emma+Platts"/>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Special:Contributions/Emma_Platts"/>
	<updated>2026-05-05T16:33:39Z</updated>
	<subtitle>User contributions</subtitle>
	<generator>MediaWiki 1.39.13</generator>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Magnetars_with_Low_Magnetospheric_Twist&amp;diff=475</id>
		<title>Magnetars with Low Magnetospheric Twist</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Magnetars_with_Low_Magnetospheric_Twist&amp;diff=475"/>
		<updated>2020-01-20T07:43:28Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = Other&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = Magnetars with Low Magnetospheric Twist&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Repeat&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Mag. reconnection&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Pulsar-like&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = --- &lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = Maybe&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = Maybe&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = Maybe&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = Maybe&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = Unlikely detectable&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = https://arxiv.org/pdf/1904.12036.pdf, https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.06979&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = Unlikely to form in Galactic magnetars.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
FRBs may be created in the closed field line regions of magnetar magnetospheres. Crustal slippage on the surface of the magnetar causes magnetic reconnection and thus particle acceleration, producing coherent emission. To allow emission to escape, the magnetars must have a low-density plasma in the closed field line regions, and hence must have low magnetospheric twist. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
Unlikely to form in Galactic magnetars, which have a relatively high magnetospheric twist. Signals above a few MeV are expected to be suppressed by photon splitting and magnetic pair production in the magnetosphere.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Magnetars_with_Low_Magnetospheric_Twist&amp;diff=474</id>
		<title>Magnetars with Low Magnetospheric Twist</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Magnetars_with_Low_Magnetospheric_Twist&amp;diff=474"/>
		<updated>2020-01-08T08:25:22Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = Other&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = Magnetars with Low Magnetospheric Twist&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Repeat&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Mag. reconnection&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Pulsar-like&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = --- &lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = Maybe&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = Maybe&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = Maybe&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = Maybe&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = Unlikely detectable&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = https://arxiv.org/pdf/1904.12036.pdf&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = Unlikely to form in Galactic magnetars.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
FRBs may be created in the closed field line regions of magnetar magnetospheres. Crustal slippage on the surface of the magnetar causes magnetic reconnection and thus particle acceleration, producing coherent emission. To allow emission to escape, the magnetars must have a low-density plasma in the closed field line regions, and hence must have low magnetospheric twist. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
Unlikely to form in Galactic magnetars, which have a relatively high magnetospheric twist. Signals above a few MeV are expected to be suppressed by photon splitting and magnetic pair production in the magnetosphere.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=White_Holes&amp;diff=473</id>
		<title>White Holes</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=White_Holes&amp;diff=473"/>
		<updated>2019-11-27T11:22:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = Other&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = White Holes&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Single&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = --&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = --&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = -- &lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = --&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = --&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = --&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = --&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhRvD..90l7503B, https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.03841&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = None&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Should a collapsing star reach the Planck density, becoming a Planck star, it will cease to collapse further and will explode outwards (or bounce) to form a white hole (WH). Due to their age, PBHs or Planck stars are the strongest candidates to form WHs which may be observable today, and the energy they release is consistent with FRBs. A single FRB is expected, accompanied by an IR signal - with a wave length on the order of the exploding star -, as well as Gamma-rays, characterized by the material expelled in the explosion .&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
-&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=RDM_Stars&amp;diff=472</id>
		<title>RDM Stars</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=RDM_Stars&amp;diff=472"/>
		<updated>2019-11-27T11:19:18Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = Other&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = RDM Star&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Both&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Stimulated emission&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Synch.&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = --- &lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = https://arxiv.org/pdf/1812.11801, https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.09074&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = Repeaters are possible if multiple asteroids collide with the star&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This model considers radial dark matter (RDM) stars - dark stars which are coupled to radial dark matter flows. These are kind of Planck star whose evolution has been halted by the pressure of dark matter flows surrounding the star. An FRB may be created when an asteroid falls onto the star: the large gravitational force in the RDM-star interior accelerates nucleons of the asteroid to extremely high energies. These collide with the core of the star, reacting with the Planck particles to create stimulated emission akin to an FRB.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
None.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=471</id>
		<title>Main Page</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=471"/>
		<updated>2019-11-27T11:14:35Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Banner2.png|right|middle|700px|FRB Theory Catalogue]]&lt;br /&gt;
== Welcome to the FRB Theory Wiki! ==&lt;br /&gt;
This is a collaborative effort between theorists and astronomers to discuss and track theories and observations pertaining to fast radio bursts (FRBs). The field of FRBs is in its fairly nascent stages and theories are abound. It is getting hard to keep abreast of the latest ideas and observations. This wiki aims to do the following:&lt;br /&gt;
#Track published FRB theories, their predictions in different wavebands, current observational constraints, and future tests.&lt;br /&gt;
#Serve as a discussion board to hash out finer points of theories, possible extensions and modifications.&lt;br /&gt;
#Serve as a tracer of the zeitgeist and how (over the next decade or so) science converges on the answer(s). &lt;br /&gt;
#Publish 'state of theory' snapshots every year (with all contributors invited to be authors).&lt;br /&gt;
#Serve as a theory complement to the [http://frbcat.org FRB Catalogue] &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The FRB theory catalog and its corresponding paper are being reviewed in Physics Review. Please cite [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.05836 ArXiV:1810.05836] if it was of use to your work.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Email [mailto:shriharsh@physics.mcgill.ca Shriharsh Tendulkar], [mailto:pltemm002@myuct.ac.za Emma Platts] or [mailto:amanda.weltman@uct.ac.za Amanda Weltman] if you need more help/information, suggest a feature or report a bug.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Contributing to the Wiki ==&lt;br /&gt;
You are invited to contribute to the discussion by signing in/making an account (at the top right corner). This wiki is divided into the summary page, that concisely tabulates current FRB theories, and the individual theory discussion pages, where further discussion takes place. The summary page (i.e. this page) is editable only by administrators. All other pages are editable by anyone with an account. See [[Instruction | Instructions]] for more details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Rules and Guidelines ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Instruction | Click here for detailed instructions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We expect a healthy and frank discussion of ideas on this wiki. As many of these ideas are fairly personal, arguments can get heated. We would like to remind users that this is public discussion forum. The basic rule to follow is the golden rule: ''Treat others (and others' ideas) the way you'd like to yourself or your ideas be treated''. Be fair and polite, using the same tone as a good referee report. Moderators may send warnings or ban users for not following this rule.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We expect that people will use their real names and email addresses in the login. The moderators may ask you to update your user information. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Follow the setup of the wiki in general — For example, if a section requests a concise summary, please keep it short. Moderators will be going through editing and wordsmithing to keep a uniform look.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Summary Table ==&lt;br /&gt;
''Note: The low frequency radio range is defined to be from ~30 MHz to 3 GHz and the high frequency radio range is defined to be from 3 to 30 GHz.''&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''The table is too wide to fit on all screens — Scroll right to see other columns.''&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- THIS WILL AUTOGENERATE THE TABLE. DO NOT EDIT UNLESS YOU KNOW WHAT YOU ARE DOING --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{#cargo_query:&lt;br /&gt;
tables    = frbtheory&lt;br /&gt;
|fields   = _pageName=Name, Category, Progenitor, Type, Energy_Mechanism, Emission_Mechanism, LF_Radio_Counterpart, HF_Radio_Counterpart, Microwave_Counterpart, THz_Counterpart, OIR_Counterpart, X_ray_Counterpart, Gamma_ray_Counterpart, GW_Counterpart, Neutrino_Counterpart, References, Comments&lt;br /&gt;
|where=_pageNamespace='Main'&lt;br /&gt;
|group by = _pageName&lt;br /&gt;
|format   = table&lt;br /&gt;
|order by = Category ASC&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Young_Magnetars&amp;diff=470</id>
		<title>Young Magnetars</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Young_Magnetars&amp;diff=470"/>
		<updated>2019-09-06T14:23:33Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = Merger/Collapse&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = Magnetars Born in BNS Mergers and WD Collapse&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Repeat&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Maser&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Synch.&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = Afterglow&lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = --&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = Possible SN&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = Afterglow&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = sGRB&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = --&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.00016.pdf&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = Same mechanisms as flares, but magnetars born in mergers or collapse as opposed in to SLSNe or LGRBs.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
The localization of FRB 180924 to the outskirts of a massive early-type host galaxy suggests FRBs may be from magnetars born in binary neutron star (BNS) mergers and accretion induced WD collapse. The FRBs themselves are formed by the same mechanism as that of giant flare FRB theories.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
sGRBs are expected in BNS mergers. The accretion-induced collapse of a WD has yet to be observed but might produce a SN Type Ia-like transient. Persistent synchrotron radio emission may be observable with timescales of months to years from the nebula or on longer timescales when the merger ejecta interacts with the ISM, but is shorter than for the SLSNe/LGRBs. BNS mergers are expected in all galaxy types and may be spatially offset from their birth sites or host galaxies.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Consistency with Observations == &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Using FRB 121102 to calibrate the model, the expected DM, RM and persistent radio emission is consistent with the upper limits of FRB 180924. The host galaxy and offset of FRB 180924 from the center are consistent with distributions of SGRBs and Type Ia SNe. It may be more difficult to detect persistent nebular radio emission from known FRB positions than in the SLSN/LGRB case because of high ejecta velocity and low ejecta mass: the emission peaks at early times and the ejecta become transparent to free-free absorption earlier. This is consistent with the non-detection of persistent emission from FRB 180924 and could explain its lower RM.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Young_Magnetars&amp;diff=469</id>
		<title>Young Magnetars</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Young_Magnetars&amp;diff=469"/>
		<updated>2019-09-06T14:17:15Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = Merger/Collapse&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = Magnetars Born in BNS Mergers and WD Collapse&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Repeat&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Maser&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Synch.&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes, persistent&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = Yes, persistent&lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = Maybe&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = Maybe&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = Possible SN&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = Afterglow&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = SGRB&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = Not detectable&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.00016.pdf&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = Same mechanisms as flares, but magnetars born in mergers or collapse as opposed in to SLSNe or LGRBs.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
The localization of FRB 180924 to the outskirts of a massive early-type host galaxy suggests FRBs may be from magnetars born in binary neutron star (BNS) mergers and accretion induced WD collapse. The FRBs themselves are formed by the same mechanism as that of giant flare FRB theories.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
SGRBs are expected in BNS mergers. The accretion-induced collapse of a WD has yet to be observed but might produce a SN Type Ia-like transient. Persistent synchrotron radio emission may be observable with timescales of months to years from the nebula or on longer timescales when the merger ejecta interacts with the ISM, but is shorter than for the SLSNe/LGRBs. BNS mergers are expected in all galaxy types and may be spatially offset from their birth sites or host galaxies.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Consistency with Observations == &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Using FRB 121102 to calibrate the model, the expected DM, RM and persistent radio emission is consistent with the upper limits of FRB 180924. The host galaxy and offset of FRB 180924 from the center are consistent with distributions of SGRBs and Type Ia SNe. It may be more difficult to detect persistent nebular radio emission from known FRB positions than in the SLSN/LGRB case because of high ejecta velocity and low ejecta mass: the emission peaks at early times and the ejecta become transparent to free-free absorption earlier. This is consistent with the non-detection of persistent emission from FRB 180924 and could explain its lower RM.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Young_Magnetars&amp;diff=468</id>
		<title>Young Magnetars</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Young_Magnetars&amp;diff=468"/>
		<updated>2019-09-06T14:01:39Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = Merger/Collapse&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = Magnetars Born in NS-NS Mergers and WD Collapse&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Repeat&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Maser&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Synch.&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes, persistent&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = Yes, persistent&lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = Maybe&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = Maybe&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = No&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = Afterglow&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = Yes &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; if jet aligned&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = Not detectable&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.00016.pdf&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = Same mechanisms as flares, but magnetars born in mergers or collapse as opposed in to SLSNe or LGRBs.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
This model considers FRBs from magnetars born in NS-NS mergers and accretion induced WD collapse. The FRBs themselves are formed by the same mechanism as that of giant flare FRB theories.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Persistent synchrotron radio emission with timescales of months to years from the nebula or on longer timescales when the merger ejecta interacts with the ISM, but is shorter than for the SLSNe/LGRBs. The accretion-induced collapse of a WD has yet to be observed but might produce a SNIa-like transient.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==  == &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Using FRB 121102 to calibrate the model, the expected DM, RM and persistent radio emission is consistent with the upper limits of FRB 180924. FRBs from NS-NS magnetars distinct host galaxy and spatial offset distributions than the SLSNe/LGRB channel; we anticipate asimilar host population, although possibly different offset distribution for AIC events. It may be more difficult to detect persistent nebular radio emission from known FRB positions than in the SLSN/LGRB case because of high ejecta velocity and low ejecta mass: the emission peaks at early times and the ejecta become transparent to free-free absorption earlier. This is consistent with the non-detection of persistent emission from FRB 180924 and could explain its lower RM.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Young_Magnetars&amp;diff=467</id>
		<title>Young Magnetars</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Young_Magnetars&amp;diff=467"/>
		<updated>2019-09-06T13:47:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = Merger/Collapse&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = Magnetars Born in NS-NS Mergers and WD Collapse&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Repeat&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Maser&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Synch.&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes, persistent&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = Yes, persistent&lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = Maybe&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = Maybe&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = No&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = Afterglow&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = Yes &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; if jet aligned&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = Not detectable&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.00016.pdf&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = Same mechanisms as flares, but magnetars born in mergers or collapse as opposed in to SLSNe or LGRBs.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
This model considers FRBs from magnetars born in NS-NS mergers and accretion induced WD collapse. The FRBs themselves are formed by the same mechanism as that of giant flare FRB theories.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Persistent synchrotron radio emission with timescales of months to years from the nebula or on longer timescales when the merger ejecta interacts with the ISM, but is shorter than for the SLSNe/LGRBs. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==  == &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Using FRB 121102 to calibrate the model, the expected DM, RM and persistent radio emission is consistent with the upper limits of FRB 180924. FRBs from NS-NS magnetars distinct host galaxy and spatial offset distributions than the SLSNe/LGRB channel; we anticipate asimilar host population, although possibly different offset distribution for AIC events.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Young_Magnetars&amp;diff=466</id>
		<title>Young Magnetars</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Young_Magnetars&amp;diff=466"/>
		<updated>2019-09-06T13:24:14Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = Merger/Collapse&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = Magnetars Born in NS-NS Mergers and WD Collapse&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Repeat&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Maser&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Synch.&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(excl. self absorption)&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = Yes &lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = Maybe&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = Maybe&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = No&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = Afterglow&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = Yes &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; if jet aligned&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = Not detectable&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.00016.pdf&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = Same mechanisms as flares, but magnetars born in mergers or collapse as opposed in to SLSNe or LGRBs.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
This model considers FRBs from magnetars born in NS-NS mergers and accretion induced WD collapse. The FRBs themselves are formed by the same mechanism as that of giant flare FRB theories.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
FRBs from magnetars born in NS-NS mergers and accretion induced WD collapse will be accompanied by persistent synchrotron radio emissionon timescales of months to years, powered by the nebula of relativistic electrons and magnetic fields inflated by the magnetar flares, or on longer timescales through interaction of the merger ejecta with the interstellar medium;  this timescale is shorter than for the SLSN/LGRB channel. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The DM, RM and persistent radio emission in the model is consistent with&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Young_Magnetars&amp;diff=465</id>
		<title>Young Magnetars</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Young_Magnetars&amp;diff=465"/>
		<updated>2019-09-06T13:14:05Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = Merger/Collapse&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = Magnetars Born in NS-NS Mergers and WD Collapse&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Repeat&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Maser&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Synch.&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(excl. self absorption)&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = Yes &lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = Maybe&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = Maybe&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = No&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = Afterglow&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = Yes &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; if jet aligned&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = Not detectable&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.00016.pdf&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = Same mechanisms as flares, but magnetars born in mergers or collapse as opposed in to SLSNe or LGRBs.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
This model considers FRBs from magnetars born in NS-NS mergers and accretion induced WD collapse. The FRBs themselves are formed by the same mechanism as that of giant flare FRB theories.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
FRBs from magnetars born in NS-NS mergers and accretion induced WD collapse will be accompanied by persistent synchrotron radio emissionon timescales of months to years, powered by the nebula of relativistic electrons and magnetic fields inflated by the magnetar flares, or on longer timescales through interaction of the merger ejecta with the interstellar medium;  this timescale is shorter than for the SLSN/LGRB channel.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Young_Magnetars&amp;diff=464</id>
		<title>Young Magnetars</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Young_Magnetars&amp;diff=464"/>
		<updated>2019-09-06T13:02:06Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: Created page with &amp;quot;  &amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt; &amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt; {{FRBTableTemplate |Category               = Merger/Col...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = Merger/Collapse&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = Magnetars Born in NS-NS Mergers and WD Collapse&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Repeat&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Maser&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Synch.&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(excl. self absorption)&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = Yes &lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = Maybe&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = Maybe&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = No&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = Afterglow&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = Yes &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; if jet aligned&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = Not detectable&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.00016.pdf&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = Same mechanisms as flares, but magnetars born in mergers or collapse as opposed in to SLSNe or LGRBs.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A broader description, observational effects and detailed information.&lt;br /&gt;
This is an FRB model where the merger of two neutron stars would lead to the generation of an isotropic radio pulse.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In general this model would predict that FRBs arise from old stellar populations where NS-NS binary systems have had time to form and evolve into compact orbits.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Starquakes&amp;diff=462</id>
		<title>Starquakes</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Starquakes&amp;diff=462"/>
		<updated>2019-09-06T12:10:26Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = Other&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = Starquakes&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Repeat&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Mag. reconnection&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Curv.&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = -- &lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = --&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = Possible&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = Possible&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = Yes &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; if pulsar jet aligned&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = Yes, but unlikely detectable&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = --&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApJ...852..140W, https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.10394.pdf&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = None&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The starquakes have been considered as a source of repeating FRBs. The aftershock sequence of an earthquake, where the burst’s time-decaying rate of seismicity falls within the typical values of earthquakes. The burst energy distribution of FRB 121102 has a power law form, much like that of the Gutenberg-Richter law of earthquakes. The waiting time of bursts has a Gaussian distribution; another characteristic feature of earthquakes. Young magnetars with strong and highly multipolar crustal magnetic fields can experience significant field rearrangements timescales of &amp;lt;~100 years. Magnetic stresses then occur throughout the outer layers of the star, potentially causing frequent crustal failures. The bursts of FRB 121102 and FRB 180814.J0422+73 are consistent with this picture. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Starquakes may be associated with SGRs or magentar flares, which offers counterparts for which to search.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Starquakes&amp;diff=461</id>
		<title>Starquakes</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Starquakes&amp;diff=461"/>
		<updated>2019-09-06T12:07:17Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = Other&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = Starquakes&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Repeat&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Mag. reconnection&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Curv.&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = -- &lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = --&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = Yes &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; if jet aligned&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = Yes, but unlikely detectable&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = --&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApJ...852..140W, https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.10394.pdf&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = None&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The starquakes have been considered as a source of repeating FRBs. The aftershock sequence of an earthquake, where the burst’s time-decaying rate of seismicity falls within the typical values of earthquakes. The burst energy distribution of FRB 121102 has a power law form, much like that of the Gutenberg-Richter law of earthquakes. The waiting time of bursts has a Gaussian distribution; another characteristic feature of earthquakes. Young magnetars with strong and highly multipolar crustal magnetic fields can experience significant field rearrangements timescales of &amp;lt;~100 years. Magnetic stresses then occur throughout the outer layers of the star, potentially causing frequent crustal failures. The bursts of FRB 121102 and FRB 180814.J0422+73 are consistent with this picture. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Starquakes may be associated with SGRs or magentar flares, which offers counterparts for which to search.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Decelerating_Blast_Waves&amp;diff=460</id>
		<title>Decelerating Blast Waves</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Decelerating_Blast_Waves&amp;diff=460"/>
		<updated>2019-09-06T11:48:03Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = Shock Interaction&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = Magnetar&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Repeat&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Thin shell&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Synch. Maser&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(excl. self absorption)&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = Yes &lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = --&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = Possible, Prompt&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = Prompt&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = Prompt&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = No&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = No&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019arXiv190201866M&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = None&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In this model, FRBs like that of FRB 121102 are generated from forward shocks of blast waves decelerating into the previously decelerated waves. An example of these blast waves are flare ejecta from young magnetars.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
The ejected magnetar material produces a persistent radio source, and a source of high local dispersion measure and high rotation measure. The flares are expected to produce prompt gamma-ray, X-ray and possibly optical flares.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Consistency with Observations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Arecibo telescope and the Robert C. Byrd GreenBank Telescope (GBT) have spent a total of ∼20 hrs observing the remnants of six GRBs (5 long and 1 short) with evidence of having a central magnetar similar to a magnetar that is assumed to powers FRB 121102 (Yunpeng Men et al. 2019). No FRBs were observed from these remnants. The probability of non-detection of FRBs akin to FRB 121102 is 8.9×10−6, which challenges the young magnetar model. The theory is not ruled out though: recent localizations of FRB 180924 (Bannister et al. 2019) and FRB 190523 (Ravi et al. 2019) suggest that the host galaxy of FRB is abnormal for repeating FRBs.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=NS-WD_Accretion&amp;diff=459</id>
		<title>NS-WD Accretion</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=NS-WD_Accretion&amp;diff=459"/>
		<updated>2019-09-06T11:02:01Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = Accretion&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = NS-WD&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Repeat&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Mag. reconnection&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Curv.&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes &lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = -- &lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = --&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = --&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = Yes, but unlikely detectable&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = --&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = --&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApJ...823L..28G&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = None&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This model considers the interaction between the bipolar magnetic fields of a NS and a magnetic white dwarf (WD) as a possible origin of repeating FRBs. As the WD exceeds its Roche lobe, the NS accretes the infalling matter. Upon their approach, the magnetized materials may trigger magnetic reconnection and emit curvature radiation. In a rapidly rotating neutron star, the angular momentum added by accretion is lost to gravitational radiation, but the mass transfer may be violent enough for the angular momentum of the WD to dominate over the gravitational radiation. In this case, the WD is kicked away from the NS, and the process of accretion, and thus magnetic reconnection, may repeat. The timescale of emission is assumed to be the same as that of magnetic reconnection, and the time interval between adjacent bursts is derived from its relationship to the mass transferred by the burst.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Gamma-ray emission from synchrotron radiation is unlikely detectable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Consistency with Observations ==&lt;br /&gt;
The time interval between bursts of FRB 121102 is consistent with this model.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=MWN_Shock_(Clustered_Flares)&amp;diff=458</id>
		<title>MWN Shock (Clustered Flares)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=MWN_Shock_(Clustered_Flares)&amp;diff=458"/>
		<updated>2019-09-06T10:55:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: /* Consistency with Observations */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = SNR (Magnetars)&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = MWN Shock (Clustered Flares)&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Repeat&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Maser&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Synch.&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = Afterglow&lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = --&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = Possible bright optical&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = Yes but ~100 years later&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = Low energy gamma-rays, sGRB if jet aligned&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = --&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...843L..26B&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = FRB 121102 may by unlikely in this scenario. &lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A hyper-active magnetar may produce multiple millisecond flares at different energies close to the magnetar. Such a magnetar is young with a hyper-energetic SN shell and an ultra-fast rotation period. The multiple flares interact to form a series of shocks before reaching the magnetar wind nebula (MWN). The FRBs arise from a synchrotron maser formed by gyrating particles at the shock front. Flares in this scenario arise from ambipolar diffusion in the magnetar core; a process which is then enhanced by the strong magnetic fields associated with the high magnetar spin. The flares will therefore be significantly more energetic than those of usual magnetars. Less active magnetars can emit FRBs by the same mechanism, but these will be non-repeating. Since repeating FRBs call for rarer magnetars, their event rate is expected to be lower than non-repeating.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
High-energy GRBs from the explosion are predicted. A bright optical flash may occur with some FRBs when the blast wave strikes the wind bubble in the tail of a previous flare. The reverse shock could lead to additional lower-energy gamma-ray emission. The GRB and the ejecta could lead to broadband afterglow emission lasting days to weeks. The quasi-steady nebular emission of the MWN itself may be difficult to detect. X-rays are able to penetrate the ejecta, but only on 100 year timescales, and are therefore unlikely to be detected. Polarization is predicted to be linear and constant through the bursts. Expected to form in active star formation regions, often inside a visible SNR, however may occasionally form far star forming regions. The event rate of repeating FRBs is expected to be lower than non-repeating. The persistent variable radio source associated with FRB 121102 is predicted to decay by ~ 10 within the next few years. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Consistency with Observations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Arecibo telescope and the Robert C. Byrd GreenBank Telescope (GBT) have spent a total of ∼20hrs observing the remnants of six GRBs (5 long and 1 short) with evidence of having a central magnetar similar to a magnetar that is assumed to powers FRB 121102 (Yunpeng Men et al. 2019). No FRBs were observed from these remnants. The probability of non-detection of FRBs akin to FRB 121102 is 8.9×10−6, which challenges the young magnetar model. The theory is not ruled out though: recent localizations of FRB 180924 (Bannister et al. 2019) and FRB 190523 (Ravi et al. 2019) suggest that the host galaxy of FRB is abnormal for repeating FRBs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The host galaxy of FRB 121102 supports the predicted long-duration gamma-ray bursts and hydrogen-poor (SLSNe I) formed in the birth of millisecond magnetars. The variable radio source may be emission directly from the MWN, the shock interaction between the flare and the MWN, or afterglow from an off-axis LGRB (such that only the afterglow is observed). Constraints on the large, decreasing RM and required radio transparency for FRB 121102 is consistent with a young magnetar with an expanding magnetized electron-ion nebula, akin to those associated with SLSNe. Such a nebula can also account for the observed properties of the variable counterpart associated with FRB 121102. Based on the observations of SGR 1806-20, the energy and number of particles in FRB 121102 are found to be consistent with magnetar ejecta. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Flares are consistent with the properties of the Lorimer burst and of FRB 110523.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Soft gamma repeaters (SGRs) and FRBs share similar properties, such as: characteristic timescales, low duty factors and repetition, there is a crucial difference. SGRs are observed to be entirely thermal with frequencies above the X-ray range, whereas FRBs are observed in radio frequencies. Another possible inconsistency is that the Parkes Telescope failed to detect an FRB counterpart to the giant flare of SGR 1806-20: only one of the fifteen FRBs analyzed has a gamma-ray fluence ratio consistent with the SGR. The bursts of FRB 121102 have varied spectral characteristics, which suggests the observed fluence ratio may vary significantly between different magnetars and between bursts from the same magnetar. FRBs therefore may not be observable for all SGRs, which would explain the lack of a detectable radio counterpart in SGR 1806-20.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=MWN_Shock_(Clustered_Flares)&amp;diff=457</id>
		<title>MWN Shock (Clustered Flares)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=MWN_Shock_(Clustered_Flares)&amp;diff=457"/>
		<updated>2019-09-06T10:54:37Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: /* Consistency with Observations */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = SNR (Magnetars)&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = MWN Shock (Clustered Flares)&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Repeat&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Maser&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Synch.&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = Afterglow&lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = --&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = Possible bright optical&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = Yes but ~100 years later&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = Low energy gamma-rays, sGRB if jet aligned&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = --&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...843L..26B&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = FRB 121102 may by unlikely in this scenario. &lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A hyper-active magnetar may produce multiple millisecond flares at different energies close to the magnetar. Such a magnetar is young with a hyper-energetic SN shell and an ultra-fast rotation period. The multiple flares interact to form a series of shocks before reaching the magnetar wind nebula (MWN). The FRBs arise from a synchrotron maser formed by gyrating particles at the shock front. Flares in this scenario arise from ambipolar diffusion in the magnetar core; a process which is then enhanced by the strong magnetic fields associated with the high magnetar spin. The flares will therefore be significantly more energetic than those of usual magnetars. Less active magnetars can emit FRBs by the same mechanism, but these will be non-repeating. Since repeating FRBs call for rarer magnetars, their event rate is expected to be lower than non-repeating.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
High-energy GRBs from the explosion are predicted. A bright optical flash may occur with some FRBs when the blast wave strikes the wind bubble in the tail of a previous flare. The reverse shock could lead to additional lower-energy gamma-ray emission. The GRB and the ejecta could lead to broadband afterglow emission lasting days to weeks. The quasi-steady nebular emission of the MWN itself may be difficult to detect. X-rays are able to penetrate the ejecta, but only on 100 year timescales, and are therefore unlikely to be detected. Polarization is predicted to be linear and constant through the bursts. Expected to form in active star formation regions, often inside a visible SNR, however may occasionally form far star forming regions. The event rate of repeating FRBs is expected to be lower than non-repeating. The persistent variable radio source associated with FRB 121102 is predicted to decay by ~ 10 within the next few years. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Consistency with Observations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Arecibo telescope and the Robert C. Byrd GreenBank Telescope (GBT) have spent a total of ∼20hrs observing the remnants of six GRBs (5 long and 1 short) with evidence of having a central magnetar similar to a magnetar that is assumed to powers FRB 121102 (https://arxiv.org/pdf/1908.10222.pdf). No FRBs were observed from these remnants. The probability of non-detection of FRBs akin to FRB 121102 is 8.9×10−6, which challenges the young magnetar model. The theory is not ruled out though: recent localizations of FRB 180924 (Bannister  et  al.2019) and FRB 190523 (Ravi et al. 2019) suggest that the host galaxy of FRB is abnormal for repeating FRBs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The host galaxy of FRB 121102 supports the predicted long-duration gamma-ray bursts and hydrogen-poor (SLSNe I) formed in the birth of millisecond magnetars. The variable radio source may be emission directly from the MWN, the shock interaction between the flare and the MWN, or afterglow from an off-axis LGRB (such that only the afterglow is observed). Constraints on the large, decreasing RM and required radio transparency for FRB 121102 is consistent with a young magnetar with an expanding magnetized electron-ion nebula, akin to those associated with SLSNe. Such a nebula can also account for the observed properties of the variable counterpart associated with FRB 121102. Based on the observations of SGR 1806-20, the energy and number of particles in FRB 121102 are found to be consistent with magnetar ejecta. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Flares are consistent with the properties of the Lorimer burst and of FRB 110523.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Soft gamma repeaters (SGRs) and FRBs share similar properties, such as: characteristic timescales, low duty factors and repetition, there is a crucial difference. SGRs are observed to be entirely thermal with frequencies above the X-ray range, whereas FRBs are observed in radio frequencies. Another possible inconsistency is that the Parkes Telescope failed to detect an FRB counterpart to the giant flare of SGR 1806-20: only one of the fifteen FRBs analyzed has a gamma-ray fluence ratio consistent with the SGR. The bursts of FRB 121102 have varied spectral characteristics, which suggests the observed fluence ratio may vary significantly between different magnetars and between bursts from the same magnetar. FRBs therefore may not be observable for all SGRs, which would explain the lack of a detectable radio counterpart in SGR 1806-20.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=MWN_Shock_(Clustered_Flares)&amp;diff=456</id>
		<title>MWN Shock (Clustered Flares)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=MWN_Shock_(Clustered_Flares)&amp;diff=456"/>
		<updated>2019-09-06T10:53:53Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = SNR (Magnetars)&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = MWN Shock (Clustered Flares)&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Repeat&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Maser&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Synch.&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = Afterglow&lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = --&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = Possible bright optical&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = Yes but ~100 years later&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = Low energy gamma-rays, sGRB if jet aligned&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = --&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...843L..26B&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = FRB 121102 may by unlikely in this scenario. &lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A hyper-active magnetar may produce multiple millisecond flares at different energies close to the magnetar. Such a magnetar is young with a hyper-energetic SN shell and an ultra-fast rotation period. The multiple flares interact to form a series of shocks before reaching the magnetar wind nebula (MWN). The FRBs arise from a synchrotron maser formed by gyrating particles at the shock front. Flares in this scenario arise from ambipolar diffusion in the magnetar core; a process which is then enhanced by the strong magnetic fields associated with the high magnetar spin. The flares will therefore be significantly more energetic than those of usual magnetars. Less active magnetars can emit FRBs by the same mechanism, but these will be non-repeating. Since repeating FRBs call for rarer magnetars, their event rate is expected to be lower than non-repeating.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
High-energy GRBs from the explosion are predicted. A bright optical flash may occur with some FRBs when the blast wave strikes the wind bubble in the tail of a previous flare. The reverse shock could lead to additional lower-energy gamma-ray emission. The GRB and the ejecta could lead to broadband afterglow emission lasting days to weeks. The quasi-steady nebular emission of the MWN itself may be difficult to detect. X-rays are able to penetrate the ejecta, but only on 100 year timescales, and are therefore unlikely to be detected. Polarization is predicted to be linear and constant through the bursts. Expected to form in active star formation regions, often inside a visible SNR, however may occasionally form far star forming regions. The event rate of repeating FRBs is expected to be lower than non-repeating. The persistent variable radio source associated with FRB 121102 is predicted to decay by ~ 10 within the next few years. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Consistency with Observations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Arecibo telescope and the Robert C. Byrd GreenBank Telescope (GBT) have spent a total of ∼20hrs observing the remnants of six GRBs (5 long and 1 short) with evidence of having a central magnetar similar to a magnetar that is assumed to powers FRB 121102 (https://arxiv.org/pdf/1908.10222.pdf). No FRBs were observed from these remnants. The probability of non-detection of FRBs is 8.9×10−6, which challenges the young magnetar model. The theory is not ruled out though: recent localizations of FRB 180924 (Bannister  et  al.2019) and FRB 190523 (Ravi et al. 2019) suggest that the host galaxy of FRB is abnormal for repeating FRBs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The host galaxy of FRB 121102 supports the predicted long-duration gamma-ray bursts and hydrogen-poor (SLSNe I) formed in the birth of millisecond magnetars. The variable radio source may be emission directly from the MWN, the shock interaction between the flare and the MWN, or afterglow from an off-axis LGRB (such that only the afterglow is observed). Constraints on the large, decreasing RM and required radio transparency for FRB 121102 is consistent with a young magnetar with an expanding magnetized electron-ion nebula, akin to those associated with SLSNe. Such a nebula can also account for the observed properties of the variable counterpart associated with FRB 121102. Based on the observations of SGR 1806-20, the energy and number of particles in FRB 121102 are found to be consistent with magnetar ejecta. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Flares are consistent with the properties of the Lorimer burst and of FRB 110523.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Soft gamma repeaters (SGRs) and FRBs share similar properties, such as: characteristic timescales, low duty factors and repetition, there is a crucial difference. SGRs are observed to be entirely thermal with frequencies above the X-ray range, whereas FRBs are observed in radio frequencies. Another possible inconsistency is that the Parkes Telescope failed to detect an FRB counterpart to the giant flare of SGR 1806-20: only one of the fifteen FRBs analyzed has a gamma-ray fluence ratio consistent with the SGR. The bursts of FRB 121102 have varied spectral characteristics, which suggests the observed fluence ratio may vary significantly between different magnetars and between bursts from the same magnetar. FRBs therefore may not be observable for all SGRs, which would explain the lack of a detectable radio counterpart in SGR 1806-20.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=MWN_Shock_(Clustered_Flares)&amp;diff=455</id>
		<title>MWN Shock (Clustered Flares)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=MWN_Shock_(Clustered_Flares)&amp;diff=455"/>
		<updated>2019-09-06T10:39:48Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = SNR (Magnetars)&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = MWN Shock (Clustered Flares)&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Repeat&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Maser&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Synch.&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = Afterglow&lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = --&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = Possible bright optical&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = Yes but ~100 years later&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = Low energy gamma-rays, sGRB if jet aligned&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = --&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...843L..26B&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = Lots of constraints make theory more testable.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A hyper-active magnetar may produce multiple millisecond flares at different energies close to the magnetar. Such a magnetar is young with a hyper-energetic SN shell and an ultra-fast rotation period. The multiple flares interact to form a series of shocks before reaching the magnetar wind nebula (MWN). The FRBs arise from a synchrotron maser formed by gyrating particles at the shock front. Flares in this scenario arise from ambipolar diffusion in the magnetar core; a process which is then enhanced by the strong magnetic fields associated with the high magnetar spin. The flares will therefore be significantly more energetic than those of usual magnetars. Less active magnetars can emit FRBs by the same mechanism, but these will be non-repeating. Since repeating FRBs call for rarer magnetars, their event rate is expected to be lower than non-repeating.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
High-energy GRBs from the explosion are predicted. A bright optical flash may occur with some FRBs when the blast wave strikes the wind bubble in the tail of a previous flare. The reverse shock could lead to additional lower-energy gamma-ray emission. The GRB and the ejecta could lead to broadband afterglow emission lasting days to weeks. The quasi-steady nebular emission of the MWN itself may be difficult to detect. X-rays are able to penetrate the ejecta, but only on 100 year timescales, and are therefore unlikely to be detected. Polarization is predicted to be linear and constant through the bursts. Expected to form in active star formation regions, often inside a visible SNR, however may occasionally form far star forming regions. The event rate of repeating FRBs is expected to be lower than non-repeating. The persistent variable radio source associated with FRB 121102 is predicted to decay by ~ 10 within the next few years. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Consistency with Observations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The flares from young magnetars are consistent with the properties of the Lorimer burst. FRB 110523 is in-keeping with magnetar flares. Based on the observations of SGR 1806-20, the energy and number of particles in FRB 121102 are found to be consistent with magnetar ejecta, and thus it is arguably more likely to be powered by magnetic fields than rotational energy. The host galaxy of FRB 121102 supports the predicted long-duration gamma-ray bursts and hydrogen-poor (SLSNe I) formed in the birth of millisecond magnetars. The variable radio source associated with FRB 121102 is consistent with the giant flare theory, too: it may be emission directly from the MWN, the shock interaction between the flare and the MWN, or afterglow from an off-axis LGRB (such that only the afterglow is observed). Constraints on the large, decreasing RM and required radio transparency for FRB 121102 is consistent with a young magnetar with an expanding magnetized electron-ion nebula, akin to those associated with SLSNe. Such a nebula can also account for the observed properties of the variable counterpart associated with FRB 121102.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Arecibo telescope and the Robert C. Byrd GreenBank Telescope (GBT) have spent a total of ∼20hrs observing the remnants of six GRBs with evidence of having a central magnetar (https://arxiv.org/pdf/1908.10222.pdf). No FRBs were observed from these remnants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Soft gamma repeaters (SGRs) and FRBs share similar properties, such as: characteristic timescales, low duty factors and repetition, there is a crucial difference. SGRs are observed to be entirely thermal with frequencies above the X-ray range, whereas FRBs are observed in radio frequencies. Another possible inconsistency is that the Parkes Telescope failed to detect an FRB counterpart to the giant flare of SGR 1806-20: only one of the fifteen FRBs analyzed has a gamma-ray fluence ratio consistent with the SGR. The bursts of FRB 121102 have varied spectral characteristics, which suggests the observed fluence ratio may vary significantly between different magnetars and between bursts from the same magnetar. FRBs therefore may not be observable for all SGRs, which would explain the lack of a detectable radio counterpart in SGR 1806-20.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=MWN_Shock_(Clustered_Flares)&amp;diff=454</id>
		<title>MWN Shock (Clustered Flares)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=MWN_Shock_(Clustered_Flares)&amp;diff=454"/>
		<updated>2019-09-06T10:23:57Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = SNR (Magnetars)&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = MWN Shock (Clustered Flares)&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Repeat&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Maser&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Synch.&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = Afterglow&lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = --&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = Possible bright optical&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = Yes but ~100 years later&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = Low energy gamma-rays, sGRB if jet aligned&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = --&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...843L..26B&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = Lots of constraints make theory more testable.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A hyper-active magnetar may produce multiple millisecond flares at different energies close to the magnetar. Such a magnetar is young with a hyper-energetic SN shell and an ultra-fast rotation period. The multiple flares interact to form a series of shocks before reaching the magnetar wind nebula (MWN). The FRBs arise from a synchrotron maser formed by gyrating particles at the shock front. Flares in this scenario arise from ambipolar diffusion in the magnetar core; a process which is then enhanced by the strong magnetic fields associated with the high magnetar spin. The flares will therefore be significantly more energetic than those of usual magnetars. Less active magnetars can emit FRBs by the same mechanism, but these will be non-repeating. Since repeating FRBs call for rarer magnetars, their event rate is expected to be lower than non-repeating.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
High-energy GRBs from the explosion are predicted. A bright optical flash may occur with some FRBs when the blast wave strikes the wind bubble in the tail of a previous flare. The reverse shock could lead to additional lower-energy gamma-ray emission. The GRB and the ejecta could lead to broadband afterglow emission lasting days to weeks. The quasi-steady nebular emission of the MWN itself may be difficult to detect. X-rays are able to penetrate the ejecta, but only on 100 year timescales, and are therefore unlikely to be detected. Polarization is predicted to be linear and constant through the bursts. Expected to form in active star formation regions, often inside a visible SNR, however may occasionally form far star forming regions. The persistent variable radio source associated with FRB 121102 is predicted to decay by ~ 10 within the next few years.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Consistency with Observations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The flares from young magnetars are consistent with the properties of the Lorimer burst. FRB 110523 is in-keeping with magnetar flares. Based on the observations of SGR 1806-20, the energy and number of particles in FRB 121102 are found to be consistent with magnetar ejecta, and thus it is arguably more likely to be powered by magnetic fields than rotational energy. The host galaxy of FRB 121102 supports the predicted long-duration gamma-ray bursts and hydrogen-poor (SLSNe I) formed in the birth of millisecond magnetars. The variable radio source associated with FRB 121102 is consistent with the giant flare theory, too: it may be emission directly from the MWN, the shock interaction between the flare and the MWN, or afterglow from an off-axis LGRB (such that only the afterglow is observed). Note that for the flare model to be consistent, this emission is expected to decay by ~ 10 within the next few years. Constraints on the large, decreasing RM and required radio transparency for FRB 121102 is consistent with a young magnetar with an expanding magnetized electron-ion nebula, akin to those associated with SLSNe. Such a nebula can also account for the observed properties of the variable counterpart associated with FRB 121102.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A magnetar that emits bursts at irregular intervals is a soft gamma repeater (SGR). Although SGRs and FRBs share similar properties, such as: characteristic timescales, low duty factors and repetition, there is a crucial difference. SGRs are observed to be entirely thermal with frequencies above the X-ray range, whereas FRBs are observed in radio frequencies. Another possible inconsistency is that the Parkes Telescope failed to detect an FRB counterpart to the giant flare of SGR 1806-20: only one of the fifteen FRBs analyzed has a gamma-ray fluence ratio consistent with the SGR. The bursts of FRB 121102 have varied spectral characteristics, which suggests the observed fluence ratio may vary significantly between different magnetars and between bursts from the same magnetar. FRBs therefore may not be observable for all SGRs, which would explain the lack of a detectable radio counterpart in SGR 1806-20.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=MWN_Shock_(Clustered_Flares)&amp;diff=453</id>
		<title>MWN Shock (Clustered Flares)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=MWN_Shock_(Clustered_Flares)&amp;diff=453"/>
		<updated>2019-09-06T10:23:05Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = SNR (Magnetars)&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = MWN Shock (Clustered Flares)&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Repeat&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Maser&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Synch.&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = Afterglow&lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = --&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = Possible bright optical&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = Yes but ~100 years later&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = Low energy gamma-rays, sGRB if jet aligned&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = --&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...843L..26B&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = Lots of constraints make theory more testable.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A hyper-active magnetar may produce multiple millisecond flares at different energies close to the magnetar. Such a magnetar is young with a hyper-energetic SN shell and an ultra-fast rotation period. The multiple flares interact to form a series of shocks before reaching the magnetar wind nebula (MWN). The FRBs arise from a synchrotron maser formed by gyrating particles at the shock front. Flares in this scenario arise from ambipolar diffusion in the magnetar core; a process which is then enhanced by the strong magnetic fields associated with the high magnetar spin. The flares will therefore be significantly more energetic than those of usual magnetars. Less active magnetars can emit FRBs by the same mechanism, but these will be non-repeating. Since repeating FRBs call for rarer magnetars, their event rate is expected to be lower than non-repeating.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
High-energy GRBs from the explosion are predicted. A bright optical flash may occur with some FRBs when the blast wave strikes the wind bubble in the tail of a previous flare. The reverse shock could lead to additional lower-energy gamma-ray emission. The GRB and the ejecta could lead to broadband afterglow emission lasting days to weeks. The quasi-steady nebular emission of the MWN itself may be difficult to detect. X-rays are able to penetrate the ejecta, but only on 100 year timescales, and are therefore unlikely to be detected. Polarization is predicted to be linear and constant through the bursts. Expected to form in active star formation regions, often inside a visible SNR, however may occasionally form far star forming regions. The persistent variable radio source associated with FRB 121102 is predicted to decay by ~ 10 within the next few years.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Consistency with Observations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The flares from young magnetars are consistent with the properties of the Lorimer burst. FRB 110523 is in-keeping with magnetar flares. Based on the observations of SGR 1806-20, the energy and number of particles in FRB 121102 are found to be consistent with magnetar ejecta, and thus it is arguably more likely to be powered by magnetic fields than rotational energy. The host galaxy of FRB 121102 supports the predicted long-duration gamma-ray bursts and hydrogen-poor (SLSNe I) formed in the birth of millisecond magnetars. The variable radio source associated with FRB 121102 is consistent with the giant flare theory, too: it may be emission directly from the MWN, the shock interaction between the flare and the MWN, or afterglow from an off-axis LGRB (such that only the afterglow is observed). Note that for the flare model to be consistent, this emission is expected to decay by ~ 10 within the next few years. Constraints on the large, decreasing RM and required radio transparency for FRB 121102 is consistent with a young magnetar with an expanding magnetized electron-ion nebula, akin to those associated with SLSNe. Such a nebula can also account for the observed properties of the variable counterpart associated with FRB 121102.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A magnetar that emits bursts at irregular intervals is a soft gamma repeater (SGR). Although SGRs and FRBs share similar properties, such as: characteristic timescales, low duty factors and repetition, there is a crucial difference. SGRs are observed to be entirely thermal with frequencies above the X-ray range, whereas FRBs are observed in radio frequencies. Another possible inconsistency is that the Parkes Telescope failed to detect an FRB counterpart to the giant flare of SGR 1806-20: only one of the fifteen FRBs analyzed has a gamma-ray fluence ratio consistent with the SGR. The bursts of FRB 121102 have varied spectral characteristics, which suggests the observed fluence ratio may vary significantly between different magnetars and between bursts from the same magnetar. FRBs therefore may not be observable for all SGRs, which would explain the lack of a detectable radio counterpart in SGR 1806-20.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=MWN_Shock_(Clustered_Flares)&amp;diff=452</id>
		<title>MWN Shock (Clustered Flares)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=MWN_Shock_(Clustered_Flares)&amp;diff=452"/>
		<updated>2019-09-06T10:21:49Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = SNR (Magnetars)&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = MWN Shock (Clustered Flares)&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Repeat&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Maser&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Synch.&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = Afterglow&lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = --&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = Possible bright optical&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = Yes but ~100 years later&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = Low energy gamma-rays, sGRB if jet aligned&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = --&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...843L..26B&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = Polarization is predicted to be linear and constant through the bursts.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A hyper-active magnetar may produce multiple millisecond flares at different energies close to the magnetar. Such a magnetar is young with a hyper-energetic SN shell and an ultra-fast rotation period. The multiple flares interact to form a series of shocks before reaching the magnetar wind nebula (MWN). The FRBs arise from a synchrotron maser formed by gyrating particles at the shock front. Flares in this scenario arise from ambipolar diffusion in the magnetar core; a process which is then enhanced by the strong magnetic fields associated with the high magnetar spin. The flares will therefore be significantly more energetic than those of usual magnetars. Less active magnetars can emit FRBs by the same mechanism, but these will be non-repeating. Since repeating FRBs call for rarer magnetars, their event rate is expected to be lower than non-repeating.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
High-energy GRBs from the explosion are predicted. A bright optical flash may occur with some FRBs when the blast wave strikes the wind bubble in the tail of a previous flare. The reverse shock could lead to additional lower-energy gamma-ray emission. The GRB and the ejecta could lead to broadband afterglow emission lasting days to weeks. The quasi-steady nebular emission of the MWN itself may be difficult to detect. X-rays are able to penetrate the ejecta, but only on 100 year timescales, and are therefore unlikely to be detected. Polarization is predicted to be linear and constant through the bursts. Expected to form in active star formation regions, often inside a visible SNR, however may occasionally form far star forming regions. The persistent variable radio source associated with FRB 121102 is predicted to decay by ~ 10 within the next few years.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Consistency with Observations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The flares from young magnetars are consistent with the properties of the Lorimer burst. FRB 110523 is in-keeping with magnetar flares. Based on the observations of SGR 1806-20, the energy and number of particles in FRB 121102 are found to be consistent with magnetar ejecta, and thus it is arguably more likely to be powered by magnetic fields than rotational energy. The host galaxy of FRB 121102 supports the predicted long-duration gamma-ray bursts and hydrogen-poor (SLSNe I) formed in the birth of millisecond magnetars. The variable radio source associated with FRB 121102 is consistent with the giant flare theory, too: it may be emission directly from the MWN, the shock interaction between the flare and the MWN, or afterglow from an off-axis LGRB (such that only the afterglow is observed). Note that for the flare model to be consistent, this emission is expected to decay by ~ 10 within the next few years. Constraints on the large, decreasing RM and required radio transparency for FRB 121102 is consistent with a young magnetar with an expanding magnetized electron-ion nebula, akin to those associated with SLSNe. Such a nebula can also account for the observed properties of the variable counterpart associated with FRB 121102.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A magnetar that emits bursts at irregular intervals is a soft gamma repeater (SGR). Although SGRs and FRBs share similar properties, such as: characteristic timescales, low duty factors and repetition, there is a crucial difference. SGRs are observed to be entirely thermal with frequencies above the X-ray range, whereas FRBs are observed in radio frequencies. Another possible inconsistency is that the Parkes Telescope failed to detect an FRB counterpart to the giant flare of SGR 1806-20: only one of the fifteen FRBs analyzed has a gamma-ray fluence ratio consistent with the SGR. The bursts of FRB 121102 have varied spectral characteristics, which suggests the observed fluence ratio may vary significantly between different magnetars and between bursts from the same magnetar. FRBs therefore may not be observable for all SGRs, which would explain the lack of a detectable radio counterpart in SGR 1806-20.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=MWN_Shock_(Clustered_Flares)&amp;diff=451</id>
		<title>MWN Shock (Clustered Flares)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=MWN_Shock_(Clustered_Flares)&amp;diff=451"/>
		<updated>2019-09-06T10:18:04Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = SNR (Magnetars)&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = MWD Shock (Clustered Flares)&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Repeat&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Maser&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Synch.&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = Afterglow&lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = --&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = Possible bright optical&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = Yes but ~100 years later&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = Low energy gamma-rays, sGRB if jet aligned&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = --&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...843L..26B&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = Polarization is predicted to be linear and constant through the bursts.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A hyper-active magnetar is proposed to produce multiple millisecond flares at different energies close to the magnetar. Such a magnetar is young with a hyper-energetic SN shell and an ultra-fast rotation period. The multiple flares interact to form a series of shocks before reaching the MWN. The FRBs arise from a synchrotron maser formed by gyrating particles at the shock front. Flares in this scenario arise from ambipolar diffusion in the magnetar core; a process which is then enhanced by the strong magnetic fields associated with the high magnetar spin. The flares will therefore be significantly more energetic than those of usual magnetars. Less active magnetars can emit FRBs by the same mechanism, but these will be non-repeating. Since repeating FRBs call for rarer magnetars, their event rate is expected to be lower.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The flares from young magnetars are consistent with the properties of the Lorimer burst. FRB 110523 is in-keeping with magnetar flares. Based on the observations of SGR 1806-20, the energy and number of particles N ~ 10^{52} in FRB 121102 are found to be consistent with magnetar ejecta, and thus it is arguably more likely to be powered by magnetic fields than rotational energy. The host galaxy of FRB 121102 supports the predicted long-duration gamma-ray bursts and hydrogen-poor (SLSNe I) formed in the birth of millisecond magnetars. The variable radio source associated with FRB 121102 is consistent with the giant flare theory, too: it may be emission directly from the MWN, the shock interaction between the flare and the MWN, or afterglow from an off-axis LGRB (such that only the afterglow is observed). Note that for the flare model to be consistent, this emission is expected to decay by ~ 10 within the next few years. Constraints on the large, decreasing RM and required radio transparency for FRB 121102 is consistent with a young magnetar with an expanding magnetized electron-ion nebula, akin to those associated with SLSNe. Such a nebula can also account for the observed properties of the variable counterpart associated with FRB 121102.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
High-energy GRBs from the explosion are predicted. A bright optical flash may occur with some FRBs when the blast wave strikes the wind bubble in the tail of a previous flare. The reverse shock could lead to additional lower-energy gamma-ray emission. The GRB and the ejecta could lead to broadband afterglow emission lasting days to weeks. The quasi-steady nebular emission of the MWN itself may be difficult to detect. X-rays are able to penetrate the ejecta, but only on 100 year timescales, and are therefore unlikely to be detected. Polarization is predicted to be linear and constant through the bursts. Expected to form in active star formation regions, often inside a visible SNR, however may occasionally form far star forming regions. The persistent variable radio source associated with FRB 121102 is predicted to decay by ~ 10 within the next few years.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
SGRs:&lt;br /&gt;
A magnetar that emits bursts at irregular intervals is a soft gamma repeater (SGR). Although SGRs and FRBs share similar properties, such as: characteristic timescales, low duty factors and repetition, there is a crucial difference. SGRs are observed to be entirely thermal with frequencies above the X-ray range, whereas FRBs are observed in radio frequencies. Another possible inconsistency is that the Parkes Telescope failed to detect an FRB counterpart to the giant flare of SGR 1806-20: only one of the fifteen FRBs analyzed has a gamma-ray fluence ratio consistent with the SGR. The bursts of FRB 121102 have varied spectral characteristics, which suggests the observed fluence ratio may vary significantly between different magnetars and between bursts from the same magnetar. FRBs therefore may not be observable for all SGRs, which would explain the lack of a detectable radio counterpart in SGR 1806-20.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=MWN_Shock_(Clustered_Flares)&amp;diff=450</id>
		<title>MWN Shock (Clustered Flares)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=MWN_Shock_(Clustered_Flares)&amp;diff=450"/>
		<updated>2019-09-06T10:14:06Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = SNR (Magnetars)&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = MWD Shock (Clustered Flares)&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Repeat&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Maser&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Synch.&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = Afterglow&lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = --&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = Possible bright optical&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = Yes but ~100 years later&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = Low energy gamma-rays, sGRB if jet aligned&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = --&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...843L..26B&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = Polarization is predicted to be linear and constant through the bursts.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A hyper-active magnetar is proposed to produce multiple millisecond flares at different energies close to the magnetar. Such a magnetar is young with a hyper-energetic SN shell and an ultra-fast rotation period. The multiple flares interact to form a series of shocks before reaching the MWN. The FRBs arise from a synchrotron maser formed by gyrating particles at the shock front. Flares in this scenario arise from ambipolar diffusion in the magnetar core; a process which is then enhanced by the strong magnetic fields associated with the high magnetar spin. The flares will therefore be significantly more energetic than those of usual magnetars. Less active magnetars can emit FRBs by the same mechanism, but these will be non-repeating. Since repeating FRBs call for rarer magnetars, their event rate is expected to be lower.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The flares from young magnetars are consistent with the properties of the Lorimer burst. FRB 110523 is in-keeping with magnetar flares. Based on the observations of SGR 1806-20, the energy and number of particles N ~ 10^{52} in FRB 121102 are found to be consistent with magnetar ejecta, and thus it is arguably more likely to be powered by magnetic fields than rotational energy. The host galaxy of FRB 121102 supports the predicted long-duration gamma-ray bursts and hydrogen-poor (SLSNe I) formed in the birth of millisecond magnetars. The variable radio source associated with FRB 121102 is consistent with the giant flare theory, too: it may be emission directly from the MWN, the shock interaction between the flare and the MWN, or afterglow from an off-axis LGRB (such that only the afterglow is observed). Note that for the flare model to be consistent, this emission is expected to decay by ~ 10 within the next few years. Constraints on the large, decreasing RM and required radio transparency for FRB 121102 is consistent with a young magnetar with an expanding magnetized electron-ion nebula, akin to those associated with SLSNe. Such a nebula can also account for the observed properties of the variable counterpart associated with FRB 121102.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
High-energy GRBs from the explosion are predicted. A bright optical flash may occur with some FRBs when the blast wave strikes the wind bubble in the tail of a previous flare. The reverse shock could lead to additional lower-energy gamma-ray emission. The GRB and the ejecta could lead to broadband afterglow emission lasting days to weeks. The quasi-steady nebular emission of the MWN itself may be difficult to detect. X-rays are able to penetrate the ejecta, but only on 100 year timescales, and are therefore unlikely to be detected. Polarization is predicted to be linear and constant through the bursts. The persistent variable radio source associated with FRB 121102 is predicted to decay by ~ 10 within the next few years.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
SGRs:&lt;br /&gt;
A magnetar that emits bursts at irregular intervals is a soft gamma repeater (SGR). Although SGRs and FRBs share similar properties, such as: characteristic timescales, low duty factors and repetition, there is a crucial difference. SGRs are observed to be entirely thermal with frequencies above the X-ray range, whereas FRBs are observed in radio frequencies. Another possible inconsistency is that the Parkes Telescope failed to detect an FRB counterpart to the giant flare of SGR 1806-20: only one of the fifteen FRBs analyzed has a gamma-ray fluence ratio consistent with the SGR. The bursts of FRB 121102 have varied spectral characteristics, which suggests the observed fluence ratio may vary significantly between different magnetars and between bursts from the same magnetar. FRBs therefore may not be observable for all SGRs, which would explain the lack of a detectable radio counterpart in SGR 1806-20.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=MWN_Shock_(Clustered_Flares)&amp;diff=449</id>
		<title>MWN Shock (Clustered Flares)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=MWN_Shock_(Clustered_Flares)&amp;diff=449"/>
		<updated>2019-09-06T09:57:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = SNR (Magnetars)&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = MWD Shock (Clustered Flares)&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Repeat&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Maser&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Synch.&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = Afterglow&lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = --&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = Maybe&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = --&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = Low energy gamma-rays, sGRB if jet aligned&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = --&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...843L..26B&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = None&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A hyper-active magnetar is proposed to produce multiple millisecond flares at different energies close to the magnetar. Such a magnetar is young with a hyper-energetic SN shell and an ultra-fast rotation period. The multiple flares interact to form a series of shocks before reaching the MWN. The FRBs arise from a synchrotron maser formed by gyrating particles at the shock front. Flares in this scenario arise from ambipolar diffusion in the magnetar core; a process which is then enhanced by the strong magnetic fields associated with the high magnetar spin. The flares will therefore be significantly more energetic than those of usual magnetars. Less active magnetars can emit FRBs by the same mechanism, but these will be non-repeating. Since repeating FRBs call for rarer magnetars, their event rate is expected to be lower.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The flares from young magnetars are consistent with the properties of the Lorimer burst. FRB 110523 is in-keeping with magnetar flares. Based on the observations of SGR 1806-20, the energy and number of particles N ~ 10^{52} in FRB 121102 are found to be consistent with magnetar ejecta, and thus it is arguably more likely to be powered by magnetic fields than rotational energy. The host galaxy of FRB 121102 supports the predicted long-duration gamma-ray bursts and hydrogen-poor (SLSNe I) formed in the birth of millisecond magnetars. The variable radio source associated with FRB 121102 is consistent with the giant flare theory, too: it may be emission directly from the MWN, the shock interaction between the flare and the MWN, or afterglow from an off-axis LGRB (such that only the afterglow is observed). Note that for the flare model to be consistent, this emission is expected to decay by ~ 10 within the next few years. Constraints on the large, decreasing RM and required radio transparency for FRB 121102 is consistent with a young magnetar with an expanding magnetized electron-ion nebula, akin to those associated with SLSNe. Such a nebula can also account for the observed properties of the variable counterpart associated with FRB 121102.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From these models, high-energy GRBs, and possibly a coincident optical flash from the explosion are predicted. Flaring from the reverse shock could lead to additional (lower-energy) gamma-ray emission, and the interaction between the GRB and the ejecta could lead to broadband afterglow emission lasting days to weeks. The quasi-steady nebular emission of the MWN itself may be difficult to detect. X-rays are able to penetrate the ejecta, but only on 100 year timescales, and are therefore unlikely to be detected. A testable signature is that the persistent variable radio source associated with FRB 121102 is predicted to decay by ~ 10 within the next few years.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A magnetar that emits bursts at irregular intervals is a soft gamma repeater (SGR). Although SGRs and FRBs share similar properties, such as: characteristic timescales, low duty factors and repetition, there is a crucial difference. SGRs are observed to be entirely thermal with frequencies above the X-ray range, whereas FRBs are observed in radio frequencies. Another possible inconsistency is that the Parkes Telescope failed to detect an FRB counterpart to the giant flare of SGR 1806-20: only one of the fifteen FRBs analyzed has a gamma-ray fluence ratio consistent with the SGR. The bursts of FRB 121102 have varied spectral characteristics, which suggests the observed fluence ratio may vary significantly between different magnetars and between bursts from the same magnetar. FRBs therefore may not be observable for all SGRs, which would explain the lack of a detectable radio counterpart in SGR 1806-20.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Magnetars_with_Low_Magnetospheric_Twist&amp;diff=448</id>
		<title>Magnetars with Low Magnetospheric Twist</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Magnetars_with_Low_Magnetospheric_Twist&amp;diff=448"/>
		<updated>2019-09-05T19:04:00Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = Other&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = Magnetars with Low Magnetospheric Twist&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Repeat&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Mag. reconnection&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Curv.&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = --- &lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = Maybe&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = Maybe&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = Maybe&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = Maybe&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = Unlikely detectable&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = https://arxiv.org/pdf/1904.12036.pdf&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = Unlikely to form in Galactic magnetars.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
FRBs may be created in the closed field line regions of magnetar magnetospheres. Crustal slippage on the surface of the magnetar causes magnetic reconnection and thus particle acceleration, producing coherent emission. To allow emission to escape, the magnetars must have a low-density plasma in the closed field line regions, and hence must have low magnetospheric twist. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
Unlikely to form in Galactic magnetars, which have a relatively high magnetospheric twist. Signals above a few MeV are expected to be suppressed by photon splitting and magnetic pair production in the magnetosphere.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Magnetars_with_Low_Magnetospheric_Twist&amp;diff=447</id>
		<title>Magnetars with Low Magnetospheric Twist</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Magnetars_with_Low_Magnetospheric_Twist&amp;diff=447"/>
		<updated>2019-09-05T18:42:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = Other&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = Magnetars with Low Magnetospheric Twist&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Repeat&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Mag. reconnection&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Curv.&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(excl. self absorption)&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = Yes &lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = Maybe&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = Maybe&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = No&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = Afterglow&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = Yes &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; if jet aligned&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = https://arxiv.org/pdf/1904.12036.pdf&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = Unlikely to form in Galactic magnetars.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
FRBs may be the result of short bursts created in the closed field line regions of magnetar magnetospheres. Crustal slippage on the surface of the magnetar causes magnetic reconnection and thus particle acceleration, producing coherent emission. To allow emission to escape, the magnetars must have a low-density plasma in the closed field line regions, and hence must have low magnetospheric twist. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
Unlikely to form in Galactic magnetars, which have a relatively high magnetospheric twist. Signals above a few MeV are expected to be suppressed by photon splitting and magnetic pair production in the magnetosphere.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Magnetars_with_Low_Magnetospheric_Twist&amp;diff=446</id>
		<title>Magnetars with Low Magnetospheric Twist</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Magnetars_with_Low_Magnetospheric_Twist&amp;diff=446"/>
		<updated>2019-09-05T18:13:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: Created page with &amp;quot;  &amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt; &amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt; {{FRBTableTemplate |Category               = Other |Pro...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = Other&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = Magnetars with Low Magnetospheric Twist&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Repeat&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Mag. reconnection&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Curv.&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(excl. self absorption)&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = Yes &lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = Maybe&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = Maybe&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = No&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = Afterglow&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = Yes &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; if jet aligned&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = Not detectable&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018arXiv180804822P, http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018arXiv180804822P&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = None&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
FRBs may be the result of short bursts created in the closed field line regions of magnetar magnetospheres (as opposed to near the caps as in pulses). Crustal slippage on the surface of the magnetar causes magnetic reconnection and thus particle acceleration, producing coherent emission.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=RDM_Stars&amp;diff=445</id>
		<title>RDM Stars</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=RDM_Stars&amp;diff=445"/>
		<updated>2019-09-05T18:00:13Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: /* Model Description */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = Other&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = RDM Star&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Both&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Stimulated emission&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Synch.&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = --- &lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = https://arxiv.org/pdf/1812.11801.pdf&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = Repeaters are possible if multiple asteroids collide with the star&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This model considers radial dark matter (RDM) stars - dark stars which are coupled to radial dark matter flows. These are kind of Planck star whose evolution has been halted by the pressure of dark matter flows surrounding the star. An FRB may be created when an asteroid falls onto the star: the large gravitational force in the RDM-star interior accelerates nucleons of the asteroid to extremely high energies. These collide with the core of the star, reacting with the Planck particles to create stimulated emission akin to an FRB.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The RDM stars considered in this model are assumed to be located in the centers of galaxies.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=RDM_Stars&amp;diff=444</id>
		<title>RDM Stars</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=RDM_Stars&amp;diff=444"/>
		<updated>2019-09-05T11:36:40Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: Created page with &amp;quot;  &amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt; &amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt; {{FRBTableTemplate |Category               = Other |Pro...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = Other&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = RDM Star&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Both&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Stimulated emission&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Synch.&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = --- &lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = https://arxiv.org/pdf/1812.11801.pdf&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = Repeaters are possible if multiple asteroids collide with the star&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This model considers a radial dark matter (RDM) stars - dark stars which are coupled to radial dark matter flows. These are kind of Planck star whose evolution has been halted by the pressure of dark matter flows surrounding the star. An FRB may be created when an asteroid falls onto the star: the large gravitational force in the RDM-star interior accelerates nucleons of the asteroid to extremely high energies. These collide with the core of the star, reacting with the Planck particles to create stimulated emission akin to an FRB.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The RDM stars considered in this model are assumed to be located in the centers of galaxies.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Axion_Star_and_NS&amp;diff=443</id>
		<title>Axion Star and NS</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Axion_Star_and_NS&amp;diff=443"/>
		<updated>2019-08-31T11:10:56Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = Collision / Interaction&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = Axion Star and NS&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Single&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Electron oscillation&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Coherent dipole radiations&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = --&lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = --&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = --&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = --&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = --&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = --&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = arXiv:1410.4323,arXiv:1412.7825,arXiv:1512.06245,arXiv:1810.07270, http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhRvD..94j3004R&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = None&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the presence of a magnetic field, axions have been shown to produce radiation by generating an oscillating electric field, causing nearby electrons to radiate coherently. The radiation produced when an axion star collides with a NS has been shown to be consistent with non-repeating FRBs. As the axion star moves through the magnetosphere of the neutron star, a time-dependent electric dipole moment is induced, forcing free electrons above the surface of the NS to oscillate harmonically. This generates coherent dipole radiation with a frequency determined by the axion mass. The theory is shown to be robust to the effects of tidal disruption because the coherence of the axion star is robust; the number density of the axions in the axion star is huge.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A defining feature of the model is that the intrinsic FRB emission frequency is finite, and the observed spectral broadening is due to thermal Doppler effects. The emission is also expected to be linearly polarized because it is coherent dipole radiation. A two-component profile may be observed if the axion star collides with a binary NS system. No counterparts are expected. The significant broadening of FRBs, their linear polarization and the large range of frequencies at which FRBs have been detected is consistent with these theories.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Neutral_Cosmic_Strings&amp;diff=442</id>
		<title>Neutral Cosmic Strings</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Neutral_Cosmic_Strings&amp;diff=442"/>
		<updated>2019-08-31T11:10:17Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = Other&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = Neutral Cosmic Strings&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Single&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Cusp decay&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = --&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = --&lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = --&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = --&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = --&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = --&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = --&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?arXiv:1707.02397&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = None&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nambu-Goto (infinitely thin, idealised) cosmic strings generically form cusps-portions of the string which fold back onto themselves and move at the speed of light. The cusps decay to form a beam of coherent radiation, where the emission can ostensibly be of any energy and frequency range. As such, cusp decay has been considered as an FRB origin. The event rate, timescale, and flux are shown to be consistent with FRB data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Axion_Star_and_NS&amp;diff=441</id>
		<title>Axion Star and NS</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Axion_Star_and_NS&amp;diff=441"/>
		<updated>2019-08-31T11:08:45Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = Collision / Interaction&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = Axion Star and NS&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Single&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Electron oscillation&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Coherent dipole radiations&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = --- &lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = arXiv:1410.4323,arXiv:1412.7825,arXiv:1512.06245,arXiv:1810.07270, http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhRvD..94j3004R&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = None&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the presence of a magnetic field, axions have been shown to produce radiation by generating an oscillating electric field, causing nearby electrons to radiate coherently. The radiation produced when an axion star collides with a NS has been shown to be consistent with non-repeating FRBs. As the axion star moves through the magnetosphere of the neutron star, a time-dependent electric dipole moment is induced, forcing free electrons above the surface of the NS to oscillate harmonically. This generates coherent dipole radiation with a frequency determined by the axion mass. The theory is shown to be robust to the effects of tidal disruption because the coherence of the axion star is robust; the number density of the axions in the axion star is huge.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A defining feature of the model is that the intrinsic FRB emission frequency is finite, and the observed spectral broadening is due to thermal Doppler effects. The emission is also expected to be linearly polarized because it is coherent dipole radiation. A two-component profile may be observed if the axion star collides with a binary NS system. No counterparts are expected. The significant broadening of FRBs, their linear polarization and the large range of frequencies at which FRBs have been detected is consistent with these theories.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Axion_Star_and_NS&amp;diff=440</id>
		<title>Axion Star and NS</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Axion_Star_and_NS&amp;diff=440"/>
		<updated>2019-08-31T11:07:41Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = Collision / Interaction&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = Axion Star and NS&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Single&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Electron oscillation&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Coherent dipole radiations&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = No &lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = No&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = No&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = No&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = No&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = No&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = No&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = No&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = arXiv:1410.4323,arXiv:1412.7825,arXiv:1512.06245,arXiv:1810.07270, http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhRvD..94j3004R&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = None&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the presence of a magnetic field, axions have been shown to produce radiation by generating an oscillating electric field, causing nearby electrons to radiate coherently. The radiation produced when an axion star collides with a NS has been shown to be consistent with non-repeating FRBs. As the axion star moves through the magnetosphere of the neutron star, a time-dependent electric dipole moment is induced, forcing free electrons above the surface of the NS to oscillate harmonically. This generates coherent dipole radiation with a frequency determined by the axion mass. The theory is shown to be robust to the effects of tidal disruption because the coherence of the axion star is robust; the number density of the axions in the axion star is huge.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A defining feature of the model is that the intrinsic FRB emission frequency is finite, and the observed spectral broadening is due to thermal Doppler effects. The emission is also expected to be linearly polarized because it is coherent dipole radiation. A two-component profile may be observed if the axion star collides with a binary NS system. No counterparts are expected. The significant broadening of FRBs, their linear polarization and the large range of frequencies at which FRBs have been detected is consistent with these theories.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Neutral_Cosmic_Strings&amp;diff=439</id>
		<title>Neutral Cosmic Strings</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Neutral_Cosmic_Strings&amp;diff=439"/>
		<updated>2019-08-31T11:05:56Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = Other&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = Neutral Cosmic Strings&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Single&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Cusp decay&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = ---&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?arXiv:1707.02397&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = None&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nambu-Goto (infinitely thin, idealised) cosmic strings generically form cusps-portions of the string which fold back onto themselves and move at the speed of light. The cusps decay to form a beam of coherent radiation, where the emission can ostensibly be of any energy and frequency range. As such, cusp decay has been considered as an FRB origin. The event rate, timescale, and flux are shown to be consistent with FRB data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=NS_to_KNBH&amp;diff=423</id>
		<title>NS to KNBH</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=NS_to_KNBH&amp;diff=423"/>
		<updated>2018-10-17T09:54:10Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = Collapse&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = NS to KNBH&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Single&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Mag. reconnection&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Curv.&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = -- &lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = --&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = Possible afterglow&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = Possible GRB&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = --&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?arXiv:1307.1409,  http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...780L..21Z, http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?arXiv:1603.05509&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = Possible X-ray afterglow and a short/long GRB created in NS birth prior to the FRB.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Upon the collapse of a supramassive NS into a NKBH, an event horizon will likely form before most of the mass and radiation can escape. By the no-hair theorem, magnetic fields are forbidden from piercing the event horizon, and so the magnetosphere will be left behind. Alternatively, if a NS collapses into a metastable KNBH, its electric discharge can cause the magnetosphere to be shed. Violent magnetic reconnection outside the horizon would then induce a strong magnetic shock wave that moves through the remaining plasma at the speed of light, resulting in a single FRB.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=NS_to_KNBH&amp;diff=422</id>
		<title>NS to KNBH</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=NS_to_KNBH&amp;diff=422"/>
		<updated>2018-10-17T09:52:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = Collapse&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = NS to KNBH&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Single&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Mag. reconnection&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Curv.&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = -- &lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = --&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = Possible &lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = Possible&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = --&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?arXiv:1307.1409,  http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...780L..21Z, http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?arXiv:1603.05509&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = Possible X-ray afterglow and a short/long GRB created in NS birth prior to the FRB.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Upon the collapse of a supramassive NS into a NKBH, an event horizon will likely form before most of the mass and radiation can escape. By the no-hair theorem, magnetic fields are forbidden from piercing the event horizon, and so the magnetosphere will be left behind. Alternatively, if a NS collapses into a metastable KNBH, its electric discharge can cause the magnetosphere to be shed. Violent magnetic reconnection outside the horizon would then induce a strong magnetic shock wave that moves through the remaining plasma at the speed of light, resulting in a single FRB.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=NS_to_KNBH&amp;diff=421</id>
		<title>NS to KNBH</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=NS_to_KNBH&amp;diff=421"/>
		<updated>2018-10-17T09:48:29Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = Collapse&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = NS to KNBH&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Single&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Mag. reconnection&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Curv.&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = -- &lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = --&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = -- &lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = --&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = --&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?arXiv:1307.1409,  http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...780L..21Z, http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?arXiv:1603.05509&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = Possible X-ray afterglow and a short/long GRB created in NS birth prior to the FRB.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Upon the collapse of a supramassive NS into a NKBH, an event horizon will likely form before most of the mass and radiation can escape. By the no-hair theorem, magnetic fields are forbidden from piercing the event horizon, and so the magnetosphere will be left behind. Alternatively, if a NS collapses into a metastable KNBH, its electric discharge can cause the magnetosphere to be shed. Violent magnetic reconnection outside the horizon would then induce a strong magnetic shock wave that moves through the remaining plasma at the speed of light, resulting in a single FRB.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=NS_to_KNBH&amp;diff=420</id>
		<title>NS to KNBH</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=NS_to_KNBH&amp;diff=420"/>
		<updated>2018-10-17T09:47:55Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = Collapse&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = NS to KNBH&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Single&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Mag. reconnection&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Curv.&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = -- &lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = --&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = -- &lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = --&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = --&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?arXiv:1307.1409, http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?arXiv:1603.05509, http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...780L..21Z&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = Possible X-ray afterglow and a short/long GRB created in NS birth prior to the FRB.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Upon the collapse of a supramassive NS into a NKBH, an event horizon will likely form before most of the mass and radiation can escape. By the no-hair theorem, magnetic fields are forbidden from piercing the event horizon, and so the magnetosphere will be left behind. Alternatively, if a NS collapses into a metastable KNBH, its electric discharge can cause the magnetosphere to be shed. Violent magnetic reconnection outside the horizon would then induce a strong magnetic shock wave that moves through the remaining plasma at the speed of light, resulting in a single FRB.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=NS_and_Asteroid_Belt&amp;diff=419</id>
		<title>NS and Asteroid Belt</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=NS_and_Asteroid_Belt&amp;diff=419"/>
		<updated>2018-10-16T16:43:35Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = Collision/ Interaction&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = NS and Asteroid Belt&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Repeat&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Electron stripping&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Curv.&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = --&lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = --&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = --&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = --&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = --&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApJ...829...27D, http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/aa65c9/pdf&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = None&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Consider an asteroid belt surrounding a star. If a pulsar passes through this system, it is likely to encounter multiple asteroids. When this happens, charged particles may be stripped from the asteroidal surface into the NS magnetosphere, where they are accelerated to ultra-relativistic speeds, resulting in coherent curvature radiation. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The time between edge on collisions within the asteroid belt is consistent with the time between the signals of FRB 121102.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=373</id>
		<title>Main Page</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=373"/>
		<updated>2018-10-15T11:23:35Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: /* Summary Table */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Welcome to the FRB Theory Wiki! ==&lt;br /&gt;
This is a collaborative effort between theorists and astronomers to discuss and track theories and observations pertaining to fast radio bursts (FRBs). The field of FRBs is in its fairly nascent stages and theories are abound. It is getting hard to keep abreast of the latest ideas and observations. This wiki aims to do the following:&lt;br /&gt;
#Track published FRB theories, their predictions in different wavebands, current observational constraints, and future tests.&lt;br /&gt;
#Serve as a discussion board to hash out finer points of theories, possible extensions and modifications.&lt;br /&gt;
#Serve as a tracer of the zeitgeist and how (over the next decade or so) science converges on the answer(s). &lt;br /&gt;
#Publish 'state of theory' snapshots every year (with all contributors invited to be authors).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The FRB theory catalog and this wiki were first published as '''PAPER REFERENCE'''. Please cite XXX if it was of use to your work.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Email [[Special:EmailUser/Shriharsh | Shriharsh Tendulkar]] or [[Special:EmailUser/Weltman | Amanda Weltman]] if you need more help/information.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Contributing to the Wiki ==&lt;br /&gt;
You are invited to contribute to the discussion by signing in/making an account (at the top right corner). This wiki is divided into the summary page, that concisely tabulates current FRB theories, and the individual theory discussion pages, where further discussion takes place. See [Instructions] for more details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Rules and Guidelines ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Instruction | Detailed Instructions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We expect a healthy and frank discussion of ideas on this wiki. As many of these ideas are fairly personal, arguments can get heated. We would like to remind users that this is public discussion forum. The basic rule to follow is the golden rule: ''Treat others (and others' ideas) the way you'd like to yourself or your ideas be treated''. Be fair and polite, using the same tone as a good referee report. Moderators may send warnings or ban users for not following this rule.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We expect that people will use their real names and email addresses in the login. The moderators may ask you to update your user information. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Follow the setup of the wiki in general --- For example, if a section requests a concise summary, please keep it short. Moderators will be going through editing and wordsmithing to keep a uniform look. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Summary Table ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- THIS WILL AUTOGENERATE THE TABLE. DO NOT EDIT UNLESS YOU KNOW WHAT YOU ARE DOING --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{#cargo_query:&lt;br /&gt;
tables    = frbtheory&lt;br /&gt;
|fields   = _pageName=Name, Category, Progenitor, Type, Energy_Mechanism, Emission_Mechanism, LF_Radio_Counterpart, HF_Radio_Counterpart, Microwave_Counterpart, THz_Counterpart, OIR_Counterpart, X_ray_Counterpart, Gamma_ray_Counterpart, GW_Counterpart, Neutrino_Counterpart, References, Comments&lt;br /&gt;
|where=_pageNamespace='Main'&lt;br /&gt;
|group by = _pageName&lt;br /&gt;
|format   = table&lt;br /&gt;
|limit = 50&lt;br /&gt;
|order by = Category ASC&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=372</id>
		<title>Main Page</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=372"/>
		<updated>2018-10-15T11:23:00Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: /* Summary Table */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Welcome to the FRB Theory Wiki! ==&lt;br /&gt;
This is a collaborative effort between theorists and astronomers to discuss and track theories and observations pertaining to fast radio bursts (FRBs). The field of FRBs is in its fairly nascent stages and theories are abound. It is getting hard to keep abreast of the latest ideas and observations. This wiki aims to do the following:&lt;br /&gt;
#Track published FRB theories, their predictions in different wavebands, current observational constraints, and future tests.&lt;br /&gt;
#Serve as a discussion board to hash out finer points of theories, possible extensions and modifications.&lt;br /&gt;
#Serve as a tracer of the zeitgeist and how (over the next decade or so) science converges on the answer(s). &lt;br /&gt;
#Publish 'state of theory' snapshots every year (with all contributors invited to be authors).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The FRB theory catalog and this wiki were first published as '''PAPER REFERENCE'''. Please cite XXX if it was of use to your work.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Email [[Special:EmailUser/Shriharsh | Shriharsh Tendulkar]] or [[Special:EmailUser/Weltman | Amanda Weltman]] if you need more help/information.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Contributing to the Wiki ==&lt;br /&gt;
You are invited to contribute to the discussion by signing in/making an account (at the top right corner). This wiki is divided into the summary page, that concisely tabulates current FRB theories, and the individual theory discussion pages, where further discussion takes place. See [Instructions] for more details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Rules and Guidelines ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Instruction | Detailed Instructions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We expect a healthy and frank discussion of ideas on this wiki. As many of these ideas are fairly personal, arguments can get heated. We would like to remind users that this is public discussion forum. The basic rule to follow is the golden rule: ''Treat others (and others' ideas) the way you'd like to yourself or your ideas be treated''. Be fair and polite, using the same tone as a good referee report. Moderators may send warnings or ban users for not following this rule.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We expect that people will use their real names and email addresses in the login. The moderators may ask you to update your user information. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Follow the setup of the wiki in general --- For example, if a section requests a concise summary, please keep it short. Moderators will be going through editing and wordsmithing to keep a uniform look. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Summary Table ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- THIS WILL AUTOGENERATE THE TABLE. DO NOT EDIT UNLESS YOU KNOW WHAT YOU ARE DOING --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{#cargo_query:&lt;br /&gt;
tables    = frbtheory&lt;br /&gt;
|fields   = _pageName=Name, Category, Progenitor, Type, Energy_Mechanism, Emission_Mechanism, LF_Radio_Counterpart, HF_Radio_Counterpart, Microwave_Counterpart, THz_Counterpart, OIR_Counterpart, X_ray_Counterpart, Gamma_ray_Counterpart, GW_Counterpart, Neutrino_Counterpart, References, Comments&lt;br /&gt;
|where=_pageNamespace='Main'&lt;br /&gt;
|group by = _pageName&lt;br /&gt;
|format   = table&lt;br /&gt;
|limit = 50&lt;br /&gt;
|order by = Category ASC&lt;br /&gt;
|class=wikitable&lt;br /&gt;
|tableno=number&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=371</id>
		<title>Main Page</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=371"/>
		<updated>2018-10-15T11:22:33Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: /* Summary Table */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Welcome to the FRB Theory Wiki! ==&lt;br /&gt;
This is a collaborative effort between theorists and astronomers to discuss and track theories and observations pertaining to fast radio bursts (FRBs). The field of FRBs is in its fairly nascent stages and theories are abound. It is getting hard to keep abreast of the latest ideas and observations. This wiki aims to do the following:&lt;br /&gt;
#Track published FRB theories, their predictions in different wavebands, current observational constraints, and future tests.&lt;br /&gt;
#Serve as a discussion board to hash out finer points of theories, possible extensions and modifications.&lt;br /&gt;
#Serve as a tracer of the zeitgeist and how (over the next decade or so) science converges on the answer(s). &lt;br /&gt;
#Publish 'state of theory' snapshots every year (with all contributors invited to be authors).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The FRB theory catalog and this wiki were first published as '''PAPER REFERENCE'''. Please cite XXX if it was of use to your work.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Email [[Special:EmailUser/Shriharsh | Shriharsh Tendulkar]] or [[Special:EmailUser/Weltman | Amanda Weltman]] if you need more help/information.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Contributing to the Wiki ==&lt;br /&gt;
You are invited to contribute to the discussion by signing in/making an account (at the top right corner). This wiki is divided into the summary page, that concisely tabulates current FRB theories, and the individual theory discussion pages, where further discussion takes place. See [Instructions] for more details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Rules and Guidelines ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Instruction | Detailed Instructions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We expect a healthy and frank discussion of ideas on this wiki. As many of these ideas are fairly personal, arguments can get heated. We would like to remind users that this is public discussion forum. The basic rule to follow is the golden rule: ''Treat others (and others' ideas) the way you'd like to yourself or your ideas be treated''. Be fair and polite, using the same tone as a good referee report. Moderators may send warnings or ban users for not following this rule.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We expect that people will use their real names and email addresses in the login. The moderators may ask you to update your user information. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Follow the setup of the wiki in general --- For example, if a section requests a concise summary, please keep it short. Moderators will be going through editing and wordsmithing to keep a uniform look. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Summary Table ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- THIS WILL AUTOGENERATE THE TABLE. DO NOT EDIT UNLESS YOU KNOW WHAT YOU ARE DOING --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{#cargo_query:&lt;br /&gt;
tables    = frbtheory&lt;br /&gt;
|fields   = _pageName=Name, Category, Progenitor, Type, Energy_Mechanism, Emission_Mechanism, LF_Radio_Counterpart, HF_Radio_Counterpart, Microwave_Counterpart, THz_Counterpart, OIR_Counterpart, X_ray_Counterpart, Gamma_ray_Counterpart, GW_Counterpart, Neutrino_Counterpart, References, Comments&lt;br /&gt;
|where=_pageNamespace='Main'&lt;br /&gt;
|group by = _pageName&lt;br /&gt;
|format   = table&lt;br /&gt;
|limit = 50&lt;br /&gt;
|order by = Category ASC&lt;br /&gt;
|class=wikitable&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{table row counter|tableno=number}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=370</id>
		<title>Main Page</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=370"/>
		<updated>2018-10-15T11:21:22Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: /* Summary Table */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Welcome to the FRB Theory Wiki! ==&lt;br /&gt;
This is a collaborative effort between theorists and astronomers to discuss and track theories and observations pertaining to fast radio bursts (FRBs). The field of FRBs is in its fairly nascent stages and theories are abound. It is getting hard to keep abreast of the latest ideas and observations. This wiki aims to do the following:&lt;br /&gt;
#Track published FRB theories, their predictions in different wavebands, current observational constraints, and future tests.&lt;br /&gt;
#Serve as a discussion board to hash out finer points of theories, possible extensions and modifications.&lt;br /&gt;
#Serve as a tracer of the zeitgeist and how (over the next decade or so) science converges on the answer(s). &lt;br /&gt;
#Publish 'state of theory' snapshots every year (with all contributors invited to be authors).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The FRB theory catalog and this wiki were first published as '''PAPER REFERENCE'''. Please cite XXX if it was of use to your work.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Email [[Special:EmailUser/Shriharsh | Shriharsh Tendulkar]] or [[Special:EmailUser/Weltman | Amanda Weltman]] if you need more help/information.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Contributing to the Wiki ==&lt;br /&gt;
You are invited to contribute to the discussion by signing in/making an account (at the top right corner). This wiki is divided into the summary page, that concisely tabulates current FRB theories, and the individual theory discussion pages, where further discussion takes place. See [Instructions] for more details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Rules and Guidelines ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Instruction | Detailed Instructions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We expect a healthy and frank discussion of ideas on this wiki. As many of these ideas are fairly personal, arguments can get heated. We would like to remind users that this is public discussion forum. The basic rule to follow is the golden rule: ''Treat others (and others' ideas) the way you'd like to yourself or your ideas be treated''. Be fair and polite, using the same tone as a good referee report. Moderators may send warnings or ban users for not following this rule.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We expect that people will use their real names and email addresses in the login. The moderators may ask you to update your user information. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Follow the setup of the wiki in general --- For example, if a section requests a concise summary, please keep it short. Moderators will be going through editing and wordsmithing to keep a uniform look. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Summary Table ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- THIS WILL AUTOGENERATE THE TABLE. DO NOT EDIT UNLESS YOU KNOW WHAT YOU ARE DOING --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{#cargo_query:&lt;br /&gt;
tables    = frbtheory&lt;br /&gt;
|fields   = _pageName=Name, Category, Progenitor, Type, Energy_Mechanism, Emission_Mechanism, LF_Radio_Counterpart, HF_Radio_Counterpart, Microwave_Counterpart, THz_Counterpart, OIR_Counterpart, X_ray_Counterpart, Gamma_ray_Counterpart, GW_Counterpart, Neutrino_Counterpart, References, Comments&lt;br /&gt;
|where=_pageNamespace='Main'&lt;br /&gt;
|group by = _pageName&lt;br /&gt;
|format   = table&lt;br /&gt;
|limit = 50&lt;br /&gt;
|order by = Category ASC&lt;br /&gt;
|class=wikitable&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=369</id>
		<title>Main Page</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=369"/>
		<updated>2018-10-15T11:09:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: /* Summary Table */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Welcome to the FRB Theory Wiki! ==&lt;br /&gt;
This is a collaborative effort between theorists and astronomers to discuss and track theories and observations pertaining to fast radio bursts (FRBs). The field of FRBs is in its fairly nascent stages and theories are abound. It is getting hard to keep abreast of the latest ideas and observations. This wiki aims to do the following:&lt;br /&gt;
#Track published FRB theories, their predictions in different wavebands, current observational constraints, and future tests.&lt;br /&gt;
#Serve as a discussion board to hash out finer points of theories, possible extensions and modifications.&lt;br /&gt;
#Serve as a tracer of the zeitgeist and how (over the next decade or so) science converges on the answer(s). &lt;br /&gt;
#Publish 'state of theory' snapshots every year (with all contributors invited to be authors).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The FRB theory catalog and this wiki were first published as '''PAPER REFERENCE'''. Please cite XXX if it was of use to your work.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Email [[Special:EmailUser/Shriharsh | Shriharsh Tendulkar]] or [[Special:EmailUser/Weltman | Amanda Weltman]] if you need more help/information.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Contributing to the Wiki ==&lt;br /&gt;
You are invited to contribute to the discussion by signing in/making an account (at the top right corner). This wiki is divided into the summary page, that concisely tabulates current FRB theories, and the individual theory discussion pages, where further discussion takes place. See [Instructions] for more details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Rules and Guidelines ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Instruction | Detailed Instructions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We expect a healthy and frank discussion of ideas on this wiki. As many of these ideas are fairly personal, arguments can get heated. We would like to remind users that this is public discussion forum. The basic rule to follow is the golden rule: ''Treat others (and others' ideas) the way you'd like to yourself or your ideas be treated''. Be fair and polite, using the same tone as a good referee report. Moderators may send warnings or ban users for not following this rule.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We expect that people will use their real names and email addresses in the login. The moderators may ask you to update your user information. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Follow the setup of the wiki in general --- For example, if a section requests a concise summary, please keep it short. Moderators will be going through editing and wordsmithing to keep a uniform look. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Summary Table ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- THIS WILL AUTOGENERATE THE TABLE. DO NOT EDIT UNLESS YOU KNOW WHAT YOU ARE DOING --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{#cargo_query:&lt;br /&gt;
tables    = frbtheory&lt;br /&gt;
|fields   = _pageName=Name, Category, Progenitor, Type, Energy_Mechanism, Emission_Mechanism, LF_Radio_Counterpart, HF_Radio_Counterpart, Microwave_Counterpart, THz_Counterpart, OIR_Counterpart, X_ray_Counterpart, Gamma_ray_Counterpart, GW_Counterpart, Neutrino_Counterpart, References, Comments&lt;br /&gt;
|where=_pageNamespace='Main'&lt;br /&gt;
|group by = _pageName&lt;br /&gt;
|format   = table&lt;br /&gt;
|limit = 50&lt;br /&gt;
|order by = Category ASC&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=368</id>
		<title>Main Page</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=368"/>
		<updated>2018-10-15T11:09:03Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: /* Summary Table */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Welcome to the FRB Theory Wiki! ==&lt;br /&gt;
This is a collaborative effort between theorists and astronomers to discuss and track theories and observations pertaining to fast radio bursts (FRBs). The field of FRBs is in its fairly nascent stages and theories are abound. It is getting hard to keep abreast of the latest ideas and observations. This wiki aims to do the following:&lt;br /&gt;
#Track published FRB theories, their predictions in different wavebands, current observational constraints, and future tests.&lt;br /&gt;
#Serve as a discussion board to hash out finer points of theories, possible extensions and modifications.&lt;br /&gt;
#Serve as a tracer of the zeitgeist and how (over the next decade or so) science converges on the answer(s). &lt;br /&gt;
#Publish 'state of theory' snapshots every year (with all contributors invited to be authors).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The FRB theory catalog and this wiki were first published as '''PAPER REFERENCE'''. Please cite XXX if it was of use to your work.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Email [[Special:EmailUser/Shriharsh | Shriharsh Tendulkar]] or [[Special:EmailUser/Weltman | Amanda Weltman]] if you need more help/information.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Contributing to the Wiki ==&lt;br /&gt;
You are invited to contribute to the discussion by signing in/making an account (at the top right corner). This wiki is divided into the summary page, that concisely tabulates current FRB theories, and the individual theory discussion pages, where further discussion takes place. See [Instructions] for more details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Rules and Guidelines ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Instruction | Detailed Instructions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We expect a healthy and frank discussion of ideas on this wiki. As many of these ideas are fairly personal, arguments can get heated. We would like to remind users that this is public discussion forum. The basic rule to follow is the golden rule: ''Treat others (and others' ideas) the way you'd like to yourself or your ideas be treated''. Be fair and polite, using the same tone as a good referee report. Moderators may send warnings or ban users for not following this rule.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We expect that people will use their real names and email addresses in the login. The moderators may ask you to update your user information. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Follow the setup of the wiki in general --- For example, if a section requests a concise summary, please keep it short. Moderators will be going through editing and wordsmithing to keep a uniform look. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Summary Table ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- THIS WILL AUTOGENERATE THE TABLE. DO NOT EDIT UNLESS YOU KNOW WHAT YOU ARE DOING --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{#cargo_query:&lt;br /&gt;
tables    = frbtheory&lt;br /&gt;
|fields   = _pageName=Name, Category, Progenitor, Type, Energy_Mechanism, Emission_Mechanism, LF_Radio_Counterpart, HF_Radio_Counterpart, Microwave_Counterpart, THz_Counterpart, OIR_Counterpart, X_ray_Counterpart, Gamma_ray_Counterpart, GW_Counterpart, Neutrino_Counterpart, [References], Comments&lt;br /&gt;
|where=_pageNamespace='Main'&lt;br /&gt;
|group by = _pageName&lt;br /&gt;
|format   = table&lt;br /&gt;
|limit = 50&lt;br /&gt;
|order by = Category ASC&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=367</id>
		<title>Main Page</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=367"/>
		<updated>2018-10-15T11:07:56Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: /* Summary Table */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Welcome to the FRB Theory Wiki! ==&lt;br /&gt;
This is a collaborative effort between theorists and astronomers to discuss and track theories and observations pertaining to fast radio bursts (FRBs). The field of FRBs is in its fairly nascent stages and theories are abound. It is getting hard to keep abreast of the latest ideas and observations. This wiki aims to do the following:&lt;br /&gt;
#Track published FRB theories, their predictions in different wavebands, current observational constraints, and future tests.&lt;br /&gt;
#Serve as a discussion board to hash out finer points of theories, possible extensions and modifications.&lt;br /&gt;
#Serve as a tracer of the zeitgeist and how (over the next decade or so) science converges on the answer(s). &lt;br /&gt;
#Publish 'state of theory' snapshots every year (with all contributors invited to be authors).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The FRB theory catalog and this wiki were first published as '''PAPER REFERENCE'''. Please cite XXX if it was of use to your work.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Email [[Special:EmailUser/Shriharsh | Shriharsh Tendulkar]] or [[Special:EmailUser/Weltman | Amanda Weltman]] if you need more help/information.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Contributing to the Wiki ==&lt;br /&gt;
You are invited to contribute to the discussion by signing in/making an account (at the top right corner). This wiki is divided into the summary page, that concisely tabulates current FRB theories, and the individual theory discussion pages, where further discussion takes place. See [Instructions] for more details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Rules and Guidelines ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Instruction | Detailed Instructions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We expect a healthy and frank discussion of ideas on this wiki. As many of these ideas are fairly personal, arguments can get heated. We would like to remind users that this is public discussion forum. The basic rule to follow is the golden rule: ''Treat others (and others' ideas) the way you'd like to yourself or your ideas be treated''. Be fair and polite, using the same tone as a good referee report. Moderators may send warnings or ban users for not following this rule.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We expect that people will use their real names and email addresses in the login. The moderators may ask you to update your user information. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Follow the setup of the wiki in general --- For example, if a section requests a concise summary, please keep it short. Moderators will be going through editing and wordsmithing to keep a uniform look. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Summary Table ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- THIS WILL AUTOGENERATE THE TABLE. DO NOT EDIT UNLESS YOU KNOW WHAT YOU ARE DOING --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{#cargo_query:&lt;br /&gt;
tables    = frbtheory&lt;br /&gt;
|fields   = _pageName=Name, Category, Progenitor, Type, Energy_Mechanism, Emission_Mechanism, LF_Radio_Counterpart, HF_Radio_Counterpart, Microwave_Counterpart, THz_Counterpart, OIR_Counterpart, X_ray_Counterpart, Gamma_ray_Counterpart, GW_Counterpart, Neutrino_Counterpart, References=[References], Comments&lt;br /&gt;
|where=_pageNamespace='Main'&lt;br /&gt;
|group by = _pageName&lt;br /&gt;
|format   = table&lt;br /&gt;
|limit = 50&lt;br /&gt;
|order by = Category ASC&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=366</id>
		<title>Main Page</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=366"/>
		<updated>2018-10-15T11:07:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: /* Summary Table */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Welcome to the FRB Theory Wiki! ==&lt;br /&gt;
This is a collaborative effort between theorists and astronomers to discuss and track theories and observations pertaining to fast radio bursts (FRBs). The field of FRBs is in its fairly nascent stages and theories are abound. It is getting hard to keep abreast of the latest ideas and observations. This wiki aims to do the following:&lt;br /&gt;
#Track published FRB theories, their predictions in different wavebands, current observational constraints, and future tests.&lt;br /&gt;
#Serve as a discussion board to hash out finer points of theories, possible extensions and modifications.&lt;br /&gt;
#Serve as a tracer of the zeitgeist and how (over the next decade or so) science converges on the answer(s). &lt;br /&gt;
#Publish 'state of theory' snapshots every year (with all contributors invited to be authors).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The FRB theory catalog and this wiki were first published as '''PAPER REFERENCE'''. Please cite XXX if it was of use to your work.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Email [[Special:EmailUser/Shriharsh | Shriharsh Tendulkar]] or [[Special:EmailUser/Weltman | Amanda Weltman]] if you need more help/information.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Contributing to the Wiki ==&lt;br /&gt;
You are invited to contribute to the discussion by signing in/making an account (at the top right corner). This wiki is divided into the summary page, that concisely tabulates current FRB theories, and the individual theory discussion pages, where further discussion takes place. See [Instructions] for more details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Rules and Guidelines ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Instruction | Detailed Instructions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We expect a healthy and frank discussion of ideas on this wiki. As many of these ideas are fairly personal, arguments can get heated. We would like to remind users that this is public discussion forum. The basic rule to follow is the golden rule: ''Treat others (and others' ideas) the way you'd like to yourself or your ideas be treated''. Be fair and polite, using the same tone as a good referee report. Moderators may send warnings or ban users for not following this rule.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We expect that people will use their real names and email addresses in the login. The moderators may ask you to update your user information. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Follow the setup of the wiki in general --- For example, if a section requests a concise summary, please keep it short. Moderators will be going through editing and wordsmithing to keep a uniform look. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Summary Table ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- THIS WILL AUTOGENERATE THE TABLE. DO NOT EDIT UNLESS YOU KNOW WHAT YOU ARE DOING --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{#cargo_query:&lt;br /&gt;
tables    = frbtheory&lt;br /&gt;
|fields   = _pageName=Name, Category, Progenitor, Type, Energy_Mechanism, Emission_Mechanism, LF_Radio_Counterpart, HF_Radio_Counterpart, Microwave_Counterpart, THz_Counterpart, OIR_Counterpart, X_ray_Counterpart, Gamma_ray_Counterpart, GW_Counterpart, Neutrino_Counterpart, References=References, Comments&lt;br /&gt;
|where=_pageNamespace='Main'&lt;br /&gt;
|group by = _pageName&lt;br /&gt;
|format   = table&lt;br /&gt;
|limit = 50&lt;br /&gt;
|order by = Category ASC&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Jet-Caviton&amp;diff=365</id>
		<title>Jet-Caviton</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://frbtheorycat.org/index.php?title=Jet-Caviton&amp;diff=365"/>
		<updated>2018-10-15T11:05:58Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Emma Platts: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Brings in the summary table --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is an example. Change the right hand side of all these assignments --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{FRBTableTemplate&lt;br /&gt;
|Category               = AGN&lt;br /&gt;
|Progenitor             = Jet-Caviton Interaction&lt;br /&gt;
|Type                   = Both&lt;br /&gt;
|EnergyMechanism        = Electron scattering&lt;br /&gt;
|EmissionMechanism      = Bremsst.&lt;br /&gt;
|LFRadioCounterpart     = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|HFRadioCounterpart     = Yes &lt;br /&gt;
|MicrowaveCounterpart   = --&lt;br /&gt;
|THzCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|OIRCounterpart         = --&lt;br /&gt;
|XrayCounterpart        = --&lt;br /&gt;
|GammarayCounterpart    = Possible GRB&lt;br /&gt;
|GWCounterpart          = Yes&lt;br /&gt;
|NeutrinoCounterpart    = --&lt;br /&gt;
|References             = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhRvD..93b3001R, http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?arXiv:1704.08097&lt;br /&gt;
|Comments               = Persistent scintillating radio emission.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Model Description ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A hot accretion disk forms as matter is captured and spirals into a moderately sized BH. Some of the in-falling gas and dust is confined to the poles and ejected in two relativistic jets. Hot gas clouds of varying densities surround the BH, forming a toroid that extends a few parsecs from the BH. As the AGN jet interacts with the clouds, it becomes narrowly collimated. The relativistic electron-positron beam encounters material at the center of the host galaxy, and strong turbulence is produced by plasma instabilities. The total pressure and the ponderomotive force (experienced by a charged particle in an oscillating electric field) cause electrons and ions to separate. These regions, called cavitons, are filled by a strong electrostatic field. Electrons from the beam that pass through the caviton are coherently scattered and emit strongly beamed Bremsstrahlung radiation in pulses. FRBs may be single or repeating.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Observational Constraints ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Radiation might be linearly polarized if there is a local magnetic field, however the 100% polarization degree of FRB 121102 would be difficult to account for in this scenario. The persistent scintillating radio emission from the AGN is an expected counterpart, which agrees with observations of FRB 121102.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Emma Platts</name></author>
	</entry>
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